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Table 2 General characteristics of the study population

From: Association between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in South Korean population: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

TOTAL

Yesa

Nob

P-value*

N

%

N

%

N

%

Total

13,518

100.0

3140

23.2

10,378

76.8

 

Age-adjusted sitting time (hr)c

      

<.0001

 Q1 (lower < 25%)

2802

26.1

566

20.2

2236

79.8

 

 Q2

2816

26.3

629

22.3

2187

77.7

 

 Q3

3519

32.8

798

22.7

2721

77.3

 

 Q4 (upper > 75%)

4381

40.9

1147

26.2

3234

73.8

 

Sex

      

<.0001

 Male

5715

53.3

1539

26.9

4176

73.1

 

 Female

7803

72.8

1601

20.5

6202

79.5

 

Age

      

<.0001

 20–29

1609

15.0

308

19.1

1301

80.9

 

 30–39

2167

20.2

545

25.1

1622

74.9

 

 40–49

2558

23.9

615

24.0

1943

76.0

 

 50–59

2551

23.8

633

24.8

1918

75.2

 

 60–69

2416

22.5

597

24.7

1819

75.3

 

  ≥ 70

2217

20.7

442

19.9

1775

80.1

 

Marital status

      

0.0443

 Married and living together

9499

88.6

2177

22.9

7322

77.1

 

 Living apart, divorced, or deceased

1781

16.6

455

25.5

1326

74.5

 

 Unmarried

2238

20.9

508

22.7

1730

77.3

 

Educational attainment

      

<.0001

  ≤ Highschool

8350

77.9

2048

24.5

6302

75.5

 

  ≥ College

5168

48.2

1092

21.1

4076

78.9

 

Occupationd

      

0.0099

 White-color

3429

32.0

750

21.9

2679

78.1

 

 Blue-color

3106

29.0

764

24.6

2342

75.4

 

 Pink-color

1716

16.0

432

25.2

1284

74.8

 

 Unemployed

5267

49.2

1194

22.7

4073

77.3

 

Household income

      

<.0001

 Low

2472

23.1

612

24.8

1860

75.2

 

 Mid-low

3290

30.7

803

24.4

2487

75.6

 

 Mid-high

3739

34.9

896

24.0

2843

76.0

 

 High

4017

37.5

829

20.6

3188

79.4

 

Sleeping time (hr)

      

<.0001

  < 7

5010

46.8

1256

25.1

3754

74.9

 

  ≥ 7

8508

79.4

1884

22.1

6624

77.9

 

Energy intake (kcal)e

      

0.9991

 Quintile 1 (lower < 20%)

2703

25.2

623

23.0

2080

77.0

 

 Quintile 2

2704

25.2

627

23.2

2077

76.8

 

 Quintile 3

2703

25.2

628

23.2

2075

76.8

 

 Quintile 4

2705

25.2

631

23.3

2074

76.7

 

 Quintile 5 (upper > 80%)

2703

25.2

631

23.3

2072

76.7

 

Physical activeness

      

0.0017

 Active

5913

55.2

1297

21.9

4616

78.1

 

 Inactive

7605

71.0

1843

24.2

5762

75.8

 

Pack years of smoking

      

<.0001

  ≥ 5 packs

4884

45.6

1265

25.9

3619

74.1

 

  < 5 packs

275

2.6

65

23.6

210

76.4

 

 Never

8359

78.0

1810

21.7

6549

78.3

 

Current drinking status

      

0.0019

 2–4 times / week

2973

27.7

647

21.8

2326

78.2

 

 2–4 times / month

3047

28.4

665

21.8

2382

78.2

 

 Never or occasionally

7498

70.0

1828

24.4

5670

75.6

 

Obesity status defined by BMIf

      

<.0001

 Obese (≥25 kg/m2)

6765

63.1

2963

43.8

3802

56.2

 

 Normal or borderline (< 25 kg/m2)

6753

63.0

177

2.6

6576

97.4

 

Hypertension

      

<.0001

 Hypertension

4298

40.1

1454

33.8

2844

66.2

 

 Prehypertension

3260

30.4

867

26.6

2393

73.4

 

 Normal

5960

55.6

819

13.7

5141

86.3

 

Diabetes

      

<.0001

 Diabetes

1673

15.6

843

50.4

830

49.6

 

 Impaired fasting glucose

3253

30.4

982

30.2

2271

69.8

 

 Normal

8592

80.2

1315

15.3

7277

84.7

 

Year

      

0.0293

 2016

4347

40.6

1065

24.5

3282

75.5

 

 2017

4511

42.1

998

22.1

3513

77.9

 

 2018

4660

43.5

1077

23.1

3583

76.9

 
  1. Hepatic steatosis index = 8 x (ALT/AST ratio) + BMI (+ 2, if female; + 2, if diabetes mellitus))
  2. aHepatic steatosis index ≥36
  3. bHepatic steatosis index < 36
  4. cAge-adjusted sitting-time categorized using quartile (see Table 1)
  5. dCategories based on International Standard Classification Occupations codes
  6. eTotal energy intake = (carbohydrate(g) × 4 kcal/g) + (protein(g) × 4 kcal/g) + (fat(g) × 9 kcal/g);
  7. fObesity status defined by BMI based on 2014 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity in Korea
  8. *Measure for chi-squire differences between groups within each category (significant level: P-value < 0.05)