Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Sample size

2577

2580

2602

Age (year)

9.24 ± 3.11

9.00 ± 3.31^b

9.03 ± 3.47

0.017

Sex, n (%)

< 0.001

 Girl

771 (29.92)

950 (36.82)^b

906 (34.82)^a

 Boy

1806 (70.08)

1630 (63.18)^b

1696 (65.18)^a

BMI (kg/m²)

16.47 ± 2.64

17.02 ± 3.27^b

18.64 ± 4.60^a/c

< 0.001

ALT (U/L)

15.12 ± 8.49

15.93 ± 17.55

19.27 ± 19.88^a/c

< 0.001

AST (U/L)

26.51 ± 6.75

26.64 ± 13.29

27.09 ± 13.62

0.175

ALP (U/L)

252.60 ± 78.46

242.84 ± 71.71^b

240.50 ± 76.05^a

< 0.001

GGT (U/L)

12.29 ± 5.27

12.83 ± 6.02^b

15.45 ± 9.98^a/c

< 0.001

TB (mmol/L)

9.88 ± 4.38

9.66 ± 4.36

9.27 ± 4.14^ac

< 0.001

Cr (μmol/L)

39.50 ± 8.75

39.31 ± 9.48

39.35 ± 10.24

0.749

UA (μmol/L)

300.55 ± 69.92

305.06 ± 73.84

327.42 ± 85.44^a/c

< 0.001

ALB (g/L)

45.36 ± 2.22

45.48 ± 2.17

45.78 ± 2.33^a/c

< 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

4.09 ± 0.63

4.27 ± 0.65^b

4.62 ± 0.82^a/c

< 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

0.77 ± 0.30

0.89 ± 0.36^b

1.21 ± 0.64^a/c

< 0.001

HDLC (mmol/L)

1.67 ± 0.29

1.39 ± 0.22^b

1.17 ± 0.21^a/c

< 0.001

LDLC (mmol/L)

1.90 ± 0.45

2.31 ± 0.46^b

2.79 ± 0.67^a/c

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.43 ± 0.29

5.43 ± 0.27

5.46 ± 0.29^a/c

0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

4.68 ± 0.39

4.70 ± 0.38

4.73 ± 0.37^a/c

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.42 ± 1.28

1.67 ± 1.93^b

2.16 ± 2.07^a/c

< 0.001

Obesity [n (%)]

124 (4.81%)

238 (9.22%)^b

551 (21.18%)^a/c

< 0.001