Table 1 Characteristics of the participants categorized by sex and UACR categories

N

35,751

21,209(85.2%)

3692(14.8%)

9543(88.0%)

1307(12.0%)

Age (years)

58.3 ± 9.2

56.5 ± 8.7

60.5 ± 10.0

< 0.001

59.2 ± 9.3

62.5 ± 10.1

< 0.001

UACR (mg/g)

10.21(5.99–19.98)

9.29(5.87–15.36)

46.53(35.69–74.70)

< 0.001

7.70(4.83–12.77)

50.52(37.35–89.56)

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.32 ± 0.33

1.38 ± 0.33

1.31 ± 0.32

< 0.001

1.20 ± 0.30

1.16 ± 0.31

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.99 ± 0.89

3.06 ± 0.90

2.93 ± 0.91

< 0.001

2.88 ± 0.85

2.77 ± 0.86

< 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

5.08 ± 1.12

5.21 ± 1.12

5.10 ± 1.16

< 0.001

4.84 ± 1.06

4.74 ± 1.09

0.002

TG (mmol/L)

1.37(0.98–1.97)

1.32(0.96–1.89)

1.57(1.11–2.23)

< 0.001

1.38(0.98–2.03)

1.56(1.07–2.33)

< 0.001

Non-HDL-C (mmol/L)

3.76 ± 1.01

3.82 ± 1.02

3.79 ± 1.06

0.066

3.63 ± 0.96

3.58 ± 1.00

0.082

LDL-C/HDL-C

2.34 ± 0.72

2.28 ± 0.69

2.3 ± 0.72

0.147

2.47 ± 0.75

2.47 ± 0.76

0.864

TG/HDL-C

1.07(0.69–1.69)

0.98(0.65–1.53)

1.22(0.81–1.90)

< 0.001

1.19(0.77–1.89)

1.41(0.90–2.26)

< 0.001

Non-HDL-C/HDL-C

2.98 ± 0.97

2.88 ± 0.93

3.02 ± 0.99

< 0.001

3.16 ± 1.03

3.25 ± 1.04

0.003

ALT (U/L)

15.0(11.0–21.0)

14.0(11.0–20.0)

15.0(11.0–21.0)

< 0.001

16.0(12.0–23.0)

17.0(12.0–25.0)

0.002

AST (U/L)

20.0(17.0–25.0)

20.0(17.0–24.0)

21.0(17.0–26.0)

< 0.001

21.0(17.0–25.0)

21.0(17.0–27.0)

0.001

GGT (U/L)

21.0(15.0–32.0)

19.0(14.0–27.0)

20.0(15.0–31.0)

< 0.001

26.0(18.0–39.0)

28.0(19.0–45.0)

< 0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

5.53(5.11–6.18)

5.46(5.08–5.99)

5.67(5.17–6.58)

< 0.001

5.64(5.19–6.37)

6.20(5.40–7.98)

< 0.001

PBG (mmol/L)

7.40(6.04–9.70)

7.19(5.99–9.12)

8.2(6.48–11.33)

< 0.001

7.55(6.00–10.10)

9.33(6.87–13.96)

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.90(5.60–6.30)

5.90(5.60–6.20)

6.00(5.70–6.50)

< 0.001

5.90(5.60–6.30)

6.20(5.80–7.20)

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

131.83 ± 20.47

129.56 ± 19.82

138.01 ± 23.00

< 0.001

133.00 ± 19.40

142.72 ± 22.91

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

77.36 ± 10.80

75.91 ± 10.28

78.19 ± 11.36

< 0.001

79.56 ± 10.84

82.42 ± 12.42

< 0.001

Pulse (bpm)

79.08 ± 11.48

79.36 ± 11.12

80.09 ± 11.56

< 0.001

77.97 ± 12.04

79.65 ± 12.39

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.57 ± 3.71

24.44 ± 3.76

24.88 ± 3.99

< 0.001

24.66 ± 3.51

25.20 ± 3.49

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.86(1.28–2.73)

1.85(1.29–2.65)

2.15(1.46–3.31)

< 0.001

1.74(1.19–2.61)

2.26(1.42–3.69)

< 0.001

Cr (μmol/L)

65.5(59.4–73.0)

62.3(57.4–67.6)

63.6(58.1–69.6)

< 0.001

75.1(68.3–85.1)

78.4(70.2–90.9)

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73²)

96.19 ± 14.20

96.97 ± 13.14

91.82 ± 16.44

< 0.001

96.91 ± 14.36

90.53 ± 18.59

< 0.001

Smoking status (%)

0.183

0.949

No

30,712(85.9%)

20,811(98.1%)

3616(97.9%)

5524(57.9%)

761(58.2%)

Occasional smokers

799(2.2%)

160(0.8%)

23(0.6%)

544(5.7%)

72(5.5%)

Regular smokers

4240(11.9%)

238(1.1%)

53(1.4%)

3475(36.4%)

474(36.3%)

Drinking status (%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

No

26,922(75.3%)

18,295(86.3%)

3309(89.6%)

4610(48.3%)

708(54.2%)

Occasional drinkers

6489(18.2%)

2660(12.5%)

341(9.2%)

3118(32.7%)

370(28.3%)

Regular drinkers

2340(6.5%)

254(1.2%)

42(1.1%)

1815(19%)

229(17.5%)

Diabetes (%)

9294(26.0%)

4476(21.1%)

1358(36.8%)

< 0.001

2793(29.3%)

667(51.0%)

< 0.001

Hypertension (%)

11,303(31.6%)

5754(27.1%)

1690(45.8%)

< 0.001

3143(32.9%)

716(54.8%)

< 0.001

Previous CVD (%)

1758(4.9%)

868(4.1%)

264(7.2%)

< 0.001

499(5.2%)

127(9.7%)

< 0.001

Anti-diabetic medication

3145(8.8%)

1366(6.4%)

560(15.2%)

< 0.001

914(9.6%)

305(23.3%)

< 0.001