Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and incident diabetes mellitus among Japanese: a retrospective cohort study using propensity score matching

Table 3 Effect size of NAFLD on incident diabetes in prespecified and exploratory subgroups

Characteristic	No. of participants	HR (95% CI)	P value	P for interaction
Gender				0.2386
Male	2048	2.04 (1.32, 3.15)	0.0013
Female	246	4.34 (0.29, 64.28)	0.2853
BMI (kg/m²)				0.1157
< 25	1538	1.59 (0.87, 2.92)	0.1353
≥ 25	662	3.40 (1.61, 7.17)	0.0013
Visceral fat obesity				0.0688
NO	1996	1.67 (1.02, 2.73)	0.0410
YES	272	4.75 (1.49, 15.11)	0.0083
FPG (mg/dL)				0.2901
Low	758	5.31 (0.64, 44.16)	0.1221
High	1056	1.88 (1.12, 3.15)	0.0172
HbA1c (%)				0.2688
Low	494	11.99 (0.87, 164.39)	0.0629
High	1258	1.95 (1.20, 3.20)	0.0076
TC (mg/dL)				0.9720
Low	834	3.01 (1.33, 6.79)	0.0081
High	852	2.82 (1.32, 6.04)	0.0076
TG (mg/dL)				0.1982
Low	914	1.98 (0.76, 5.13)	0.1607
High	938	4.10 (2.16, 7.77)	< 0.0001
HDL-C (mg/dL)				0.8977
Low	892	1.96 (1.11, 3.46)	0.0197
High	916	2.07 (0.86, 4.97)	0.1039
ALT (U/L)				0.0611
Low	948	1.19 (0.55, 2.56)	0.6603
High	968	2.82 (1.52, 5.25)	0.0011
AST (U/L)				0.2397
Low	882	1.39 (0.63, 3.07)	0.4144
High	902	2.65 (1.32, 5.32)	0.0060
GGT (U/L)				0.2994
Low	880	1.97 (0.82, 4.73)	0.1294
High	900	3.37 (1.80, 6.33)	0.0002
Propensity score				0.3788
Low	1086	1.16 (0.36, 3.74)	0.8042
Medium	1060	1.73 (0.88, 3.41)	0.1095
High	1088	2.71 (1.68, 4.39)	< 0.0001

Note 1: The above model has been adjusted for age, gender, BMI, waist circumference, smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular exerciser, SBP, DBP, ALT, AST, GGT, HbA1c, FPG, TC, TG, HDL-C
Note 2 In each case, the model was not adjusted for the stratification variable

ISSN: 1476-511X