Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) status

Gender, n (%)

 Male

3420 (46.45)

3036 (49.04)

384 (32.79)

< 0.001

 Female

3942 (35.55)

3155 (50.96)

787 (67.21)

Age (year)

47.20 ± 8.33

46.03 ± 7.90

53.39 ± 7.79

< 0.001

Current smoker, n (%)

865 (22.33)

764 (23.45)

101 (16.40)

< 0.001

Physical activity, n (%)

 Low

2168 (29.45)

1736 (28.04)

432 (36.89)

< 0.001

 Moderate

3539 (48.07)

2979 (48.12)

560 (47.82)

 Vigorous

1655 (22.48)

1476 (23.84)

179 (15.29)

BMI (kg/m²)

27.44 ± 4.67

27.20 ± 4.63

28.69 ± 4.66

< 0.001

WHR

0.94 ± 0.06

0.93 ± 0.06

0.95 ± 0.06

< 0.001

WC (cm)

96.92 ± 10.55

96.28 ± 10.43

100.30 ± 10.59

< 0.001

BFM (kg)

24.99 ± 9.62

24.42 ± 9.54

27.99 ± 9.45

< 0.001

PBF

33.82 ± 9.58

33.09 ± 9.56

37.69 ± 8.73

< 0.001

VFA (cm²)

121.93 ± 51.83

118.18 ± 51.29

141.71 ± 50.13

< 0.001

SLM (kg)

3085 (41.90)

45.49 ± 9.07

42.82 ± 8.40

< 0.001

VAI (male)

1.93 ± 1.50

1.90 ± 1.48

2.11 ± 1.57

< 0.001

VAI (female)

2.82 ± 2.10

2.77 ± 2.10

3.10 ± 2.20

< 0.001

AIP^*

0.11 (-0.29, 0.56)

0. 0.09 (-0.33, 0.55)

0.24 (-0.17, 0.62)

< 0.001

TG (mg/dl)

136.61 ± 84.00

134.16 ± 83.05

149.57 ± 87.78

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dl)

46.40 ± 11.35

46.41 ± 11.36

46.36 ± 11.27

0.555

LDL-C (mg/dl)

101.86 ± 25.42

101.55 ± 25.19

103.51 ± 26.55

0.007

T-C (mg/dl)

185.11 ± 38.10

184.54 ± 37.64

188.13 ± 40.24

0.003

ALP (UI/L)

197.11 ± 61.02

194.46 ± 56.52

211.13 ± 79.29

< 0.001

AST (UI/L)

21.43 ± 8.95

21.47 ± 9.06

21.20 ± 8.36

0.325

ALT (UI/L)

24.70 ± 14.28

24.84 ± 14.53

23.94 ± 12.88

0.045

GGT (UI/L)

24.30 ± 18.89

23.86 ± 18.58

26.63 ± 20.30

< 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

1351 (18.35)

411 (6.64)

940 (80.27)

< 0.001

Anti- Hypertension medications (%)

734 (23.20)

6 (0.29)

728 (65.41)

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

3085 (41.90)

2567 (41.46)

518 (44.24)

0.078

Anti- Dyslipidemia medications (%)

277 (10.14)

32 (1.96)

245 (22.31)

< 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

623 (22.46)

360 (582)

263 (22.46)

< 0.001

Anti-diabetic medications (%)

393 (14.38)

184 (11.25)

209 (19.03)

< 0.001

MetS, n (%)

1891 (25.69)

1261 (20.37)

630 (53.80)

< 0.001