| Control group (n = 273) | GDM group (n = 359) | P |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 29.30 ± 3.45 | 30.69 ± 4.20 | <  0.001 |
Gestational age at blood collection (weeks) | 22.01 ± 2.08 | 21.71 ± 2.03 | 0.234 |
pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.86 ± 1.97 | 23.52 ± 2.42 | <  0.001 |
Gravidity (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.491 |
 1 | 120 (44.0) | 148 (41.2) |  |
  ≥ 2 | 153 (56.0) | 211 (58.8) |  |
Parity (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.713 |
  ≤ 1 | 178 (65.2) | 229 (63.8) |  |
  ≥ 2 | 95 (34.8) | 130 (36.2) |  |
Residence (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.093 |
 Urban | 240 (87.9) | 330 (91.9) |  |
 Rural area | 33 (12.1) | 29 (8.1) |  |
Monthly income (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.752 |
  ≤ 6000 | 88 (32.2) | 120 (33.4) |  |
 >6000 | 185 (67.8) | 239 (66.6) |  |
Education attainment (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.725 |
  ≤ Secondary | 130 (47.6) | 176 (49.0) |  |
  ≥ College | 143 (52.4) | 183 (51.0) |  |