Fig. 2
From: Cell surface sphingomyelin: key role in cancer initiation, progression, and immune evasion
The abscopal effect. Irradiation of tumor cells results in the release of a plethora of danger associated molecular patterns (DAMP), which interact with innate immunity receptors on nearby cells, thus inducing the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL) 6, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), the chemokine IL8, reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, and nitric oxide (NO). These inflammatory molecules provide the necessary signals for the recruitment and stimulation of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (M) to properly present TAA to helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic T (CTL) lymphocytes, which may target and kill residual and metastatic tumor cells bearing TAA on their surface membrane. The figure is uploaded on the net by Maria Widel and was reproduced with her permission [18]