Table 1 Characteristics of the non-DR group and DR group

Age (years)

53.54 ± 12.13 / 55 (44–63)

53 (40–62)

57 (47–64)

0.009**

Male gender, n (%)

292 (64)

161 (65.2)

131 (62.7)

0.579

Diabetes duration (years)

9.73 ± 6.97 / 9 (4–15)

7 (3–12)

11 (6–16)

0.001**

Hypertension, n (%)

232 (46.4)

105 (42.5)

127 (50.2)

0.085

Current smoking, n (%)

150 (32.9)

89 (36)

61 (29.2)

0.121

DNP, n (%)

175 (38.5)

79 (33.2)

96 (44.2)

0.027

BMI (kg/m²)

25.6 (23.92–27.95)

25.39 (23.84–27.39)

25.6 (23.98–28.09)

0.929

SBP (mmHg)

140 (126–150)

137 (123–150)

140 (130–154)

0.007*

DBP (mmHg)

80 (74–90)

80 (72–88)

81 (75–90)

0.067

FBG (mmol/L)

8.44 (6.88–10.61)

8.2 (6.79–10.54)

8.59 (7.04–10.71)

0.163

HbA1c (%)

8.4 (7.2–9.6)

8.2 (7.1–9.5)

8.5 (7.6–9.8)

0.076

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

68 (55–81)

66 (54–80)

69 (60–84)

0.057

Fasting C-Peptide (ng/ml)

1.5 (1.0–2.2)

1.55 (1.0–2.3)

1.5 (1.0–2.15)

0.426

Neutrophil (× 10⁹/L)

3.71 (3.05–4.45)

3.48 (2.96–4.41)

3.85 (3.17–4.5)

0.01*

Lymphocyte (×10⁹/L)

2.22 (1.78–2.64)

2.26 (1.87–2.69)

2.17 (1.73–2.56)

0.053

Monocyte (×10⁹/L)

0.38 (0.31–0.45)

0.38 (0.3–0.45)

0.38 (0.31–0.44)

0.31

TC (mmol/L)

5.02 (4.42–5.74)

4.96 (4.24–5.58)

5.13 (4.58–5.96)

0.000**

TG (mmol/L)

2.18 (1.4–3.43)

2.12 (1.43–3.2)

2.31 (1.35–3.59)

0.286

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.15 (0.99–1.3)

1.11 (0.99–1.28)

1.16 (1.00–1.325)

0.496

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.09 (2.66–3.58)

3.14 (2.65–3.59)

3.05 (2.66–3.55)

0.822

APOA (g/L)

1.26 (1.13–1.39)

1.25 (1.14–1.39)

1.21 (1.11–1.40)

0.981

APOB (g/L)

1.03 (0.87–1.21)

1.035 (0.84–1.2)

1.03 (0.9–1.22)

0.2

RC (mmol/L)

0.65 (0.45–0.99)

0.54 (0.31–0.83)

0.74 (0.60–1.12)

0.000**

TyG-index

9.62 ± 0.78

9.52 ± 0.73

9.72 ± 0.82

0.006*

NLR

1.64 (1.36–2.03)

1.60 (1.30–1.93)

1.69 (1.41–2.26)

0.000**

Uric Acid (μmol/L)

329.3 (280.4–393.8)

326.3 (276.6–395)

330.8 (286.05–393.7)

0.644

Creatinine (μmol/L)

61.3 (50.6–70.5)

60.5 (50.45–70.13)

62.3 (51.1–72.4)

0.384

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

108.6 (97.68–121.03)

110.96 (98.24–123.10)

106.27 (96–117.95)

0.013

mAlb (mg/24 h)

20.31 (19.76–33.63)

19.95 (19.57–23.56)

20.71 (19.95–56.53)

0.000**

Metformin, n (%)

277 (60.7)

149 (60.3)

128 (61.2)

0.841

DPP-IV inhibitor, n (%)

189 (41.4)

98 (39.7)

91 (43.5)

0.404

Acarbose, n (%)

68 (15.3)

38 (15.9)

30 (14.6)

0.712

Insulin, n (%)

139 (30.5)

72 (29.1)

67 (32.1)

0.502

Anitihypertensive drugs, n (%)

159 (34.9)

76 (30.8)

83 (39.7)

0.046*