Fig. 1

Hazard ratios for risk of outcomes by decile of LDL cholesterol variability indices. All hazard ratios for the primary outcome (B), all-cause death (C) and cardiovascular death (D) were adjusted for the mean lipid during visits, sex, and baseline age, education, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, smoking, drinking, and fasting plasma glucose. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for each decile relative to the first decile in the placebo group and for each 10-percentile point increase in variability were estimated in a single model. The distributions of variability indices are also shown (A). VIM indicates variability independent of the mean (left); ARV, average real variability (middle); and MMD, the difference of maximum minus minimum LDL-C (right).