Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort

Male, n (%)

36 (64.3)

29 (51.8)

0.180

Age, years

60.18 ± 8.51

64.05 ± 8.96

0.021

BMI, kg/m²

25.53 ± 3.15

26.91 ± 3.73

0.036

Smoke, n (%)

28 (50.0)

27 (48.2)

0.850

Alcohol, n (%)

16 (28.6)

12 (21.4)

0.383

Hypertension, n (%)

43 (76.8)

42 (75.0)

0.825

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

27 (48.2)

31 (55.4)

0.449

CHD, n (%)

45 (84.4)

49 (87.5)

0.303

eGFR, mL/min/1.73^m2

101.01 ± 7.77

96.48 ± 7.69

0.002

TG, mmol/L

1.69 ± 0.68

2.19 ± 1.15

0.006

TC, mmol/L

4.27 ± 0.95

4.32 ± 1.03

0.795

HDL-c, mmol/L

1.32 ± 0.42

1.09 ± 0.32

0.002

LDL-c, mmol/L

2.64 ± 0.75

2.57 ± 0.74

0.589

ApoA1, mmol/L

1.27 ± 0.19

1.26 ± 0.18

0.753

ApoB, mmol/L

1.11 ± 0.33

1.09 ± 0.37

0.835

TMAO, μM

2.83 ± 1.34

8.43 ± 4.85

< 0.001

Choline, μM

12.50 ± 2.81

14.01 ± 3.09

0.008

Carnitine, μM

75.21 ± 15.69

82.58 ± 15.44

0.014

Betaine, μM

39.26 ± 10.90

38.06 ± 10.09

0.548

GBB, μM

0.09 ± 0.02

0.10 ± 0.02

0.059