Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Source | RCT design | Population | Intervention (daily amount of coconut oil) | Control | N In | N C | Female, N (%) | Baseline lipid profile, mean (SD) | Follow up (wk) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC | HDL-C | LDL-C | TG | |||||||||
Assunção (2009) [43] | Parallel group | Women with abdominal obesity | 30 ml | PUFA (soybean) | 20 | 20 | 40 (100) | 191 (32.7) | 48.5 (8.7) | 110.6 (28.7) | 160 (81.9) | 12 |
Cândido (2021) [42] | Parallel group | Women with IMC between 26 and 35 kg/m2, % body fat > 30% | 25 ml | MUFA (olive oil) PUFA (soybean) | 24 | 61 | 85 (100) | 168.6 (9.7) | 47.2 (2.7) | 98.7 (9.7) | 96.5 (8.9) | 9 |
Chinwong (2017) [18] | Crossover | Healthy individuals | 15Â ml | Placebo (carboxymethycellulose solution) | 34 | 34 | 16 (47) | 190.8 (32.3) | 60.6 (9.0) | 116.5 (30.1) | 68.5 (23.1) | 8 |
Cox (1995) [44] | Crossover | Healthy individuals | 39Â g | SFA (butter) PUFA (safflower) | 28 | 28 | 15 (53.6) | 245.5 (27.5) | 58 (15.5) | 160.5 (29.4) | 161.2 (79.7) | 6 |
Ganji (1996) [45] | Crossover | Healthy individuals | 20% of daily calories | PUFA (soybean and soybean + psyllium fiber) | 10 | 10 | 5 (50) | 187.9 (30.2) | 56.5 (12) | 107.5 (31.3) | 132.9 (40.7) | 4 |
Harris (2017) [46] | Crossover | Postmenopausal women | 30Â ml | PUFA (safflower) | 14 | 14 | 14 (100) | 223.1 (35.1) | 64.1 (17.4) | 128.7 (26.1) | 105.2 (66.2) | 4 |
Heber (1992) [50] | Crossover | Healthy men | 17.5% of daily calories | SFA (palm) Hydrogenated soybean | 13 | 13 | 0 (0) | 176 (4) | 37 (9) | 120 (7) | 95 (10) | 3 |
Khaw (2018) [39] | Parallel group | Healthy individuals | 50Â g | SFA (butter) MUFA (olive) | 30 | 66 | 63 (67) | 229.31 (37.5) | 73.47 (19.33) | 138.05 (36.34) | NR | 4 |
Lu (1997) [26] | Crossover | Healthy women | 20% of daily calories | PUFA (soybean) A16 oil | 15 | 15 | 15 (100) | 162.4 (17.01) | 52.97 (10.82) | 90.1 (15.08) | 93 (38.97) | 3 |
McKenney (1995) [41] | Crossover | Individuals with hypercholesterolemia | Sufficient to increase in 10% the amount of daily calories from SFA | PUFA (canola) | 11 (all) | 5 (45.5) | 222.3 (25.3) | 49.8 (18.3) | 149 (20.3) | 117.1 (49.2) | 6 | |
Maki (2018) [47] | Crossover | Healthy individuals | 54.4Â g (muffins or rolls) | PUFA (corn) | 13 | 12 | 13 (52) | 188 (178, 215)a | 46 (38.5, 55.5)a | 123 (105, 142)a | 92.5 (76.5, 136)a | 4 |
Oliveira-de-Lira (2018) [16] | Parallel group | Obese women | 6Â g (capsules) | PUFA (safflower, chia, and soybean) | 18 | 57 | 75 (100) | 215.8 (24.2) | 48.3 (8.1) | 149.6 (23.7) | 132.7 (41.7) | 8 |
Reiser (1985) [48] | Crossover | Healthy women | 21% of daily calories | SFA (lard) PUFA (safflower) | 19 (all) | 0 (0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 | |
Schwab (1995) [51] | Crossover | Healthy women | 16-26Â g of coconut oil/day | SFA (palm) | 7 | 8 | 15 (100) | 187.9(25.5) | 59.9 (10.4) | 110.6 (17.8) | 82.4 (34.5) | 4 |
Vijayakumar (2016) [17] | Parallel group | Individuals with CVD | 15% of daily calories | PUFA (sunflower) | 99 | 99 | 13 (6.5) | 148.3 (28.3) | 40.8 (9.5) | 88.2 (22.2) | 113.1 (51.5) | 2Â years |
Vogel (2020) [49] | Parallel group | Overweight men | 12Â ml | PUFA (soybean) | 15 | 14 | 0 (0) | 184.8 (44.1) | 39.5 (10.1) | 117 (36.1) | 140.9 (67.1) | 4 |
Voon (2011) [40] | Crossover | Normal and overweight healthy adults | 20% of daily calories | SFA (palm) MUFA (olive) | 15 | 30 | 36 (80) | 182.1(25.5) | 47.6 (10.8) | 118.3 (22.4) | 85 (39) | 5 |