From: Markers of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease
 | Control group N = 45 | CKD all stages N = 132 | p | Stage I/II N = 30 | Stage III N = 30 | Stage IV N = 30 | Stage V N = 49 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 59.4 ± 10.0 | 67.1 ± 12.9 | P < 0.0001 | 69.0 ± 10.71 | 64.5 ± 14.8 | 67.9 ± 14.4 | 67.3 ± 12.11 | P = 0.005 |
Sex, male (%) | 35.6% | 56.1% | P = 0.017 | 51.9% | 51.6% | 36.0% | (71.4)3 | P = 0.0053 |
DM (%) | 11.1% | 34.1% | P = 0.003 | 22.2% | 32.31 | 24.0% | 46.93 | P = 0.003 |
Hypertension (%) | 48.9% | 88.6% | P < 0.0001 | 92.6%3 | 90.3%3 | 92.0%3 | 83.7%3 | P < 0.0001 |
Lipid disorders (%) | 37.8% | 31.1% | NS | 25.9% | 38.7% | 40.0% | 24.5% | NS |
Obesity (%) | 33.3% | 37.1% | NS | 51.9% | 45.2% | 32.0% | 26.5% | NS |
General atherosclerosis (%) | 6.7% | 25.0% | P = 0.008 | 25.9% | 16.1% | 24.0% | 30.6%2 | P = 0.05 |
K + [mmol/l] | 4.27 ± 0.52 | 4.64 ± 0.73 | P = 0.007 | 4.59 ± 0.56 | 4.31 ± 0.48 | 4.62 ± 0.58 | 4.9 ± 0.92,7 | P = 0.003 |
Haemoglobin [g/dl] | 13.4 ± 1.5 | 11.3 ± 2.0 | P < 0.0001 | 11.9 ± 1.81 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | 11.2 ± 2.03 | 10.2 ± 1.63,5,9 | P < 0.0001 |
Platelet [*10 3 /μl] | 246.3 ± 70.6 | 244.1 ± 95.3 | NS | 250.4 ± 108.6 | 243.2 ± 71.4 | 250.0 ± 120.2 | 238.0 ± 89.1 | NS |
Monocytes [*10 3 /μl] | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 0.49 ± 0.23 | NS | 0.49 ± 0.21 | 0.50 ± 0.25 | 0.57 ± 0.29 | 0.46 ± 0.19 | NS |
CRP [mg/l] | 1.7 (0.8-4.8) | 6.4 (2.3-12.4) | P < 0.0001 | 6.4 (2.0-12.7)1 | 3.9 (1.9-7.9) | 7.6 (2.4-18.1)2 | 7.9 (3.4-17.1)3 | P < 0.0001 |
ALP [U/l] | 82.2 ± 34.9 | 94.5 ± 55.4 | NS | 93.3 ± 32.8 | 69.2 ± 31.7 | 111.8 ± 101.9 | 100.8 ± 40.18 | P = 0.004 |
79.5 (59.2-97.0) | 86.0 (66.0-108.2) | Â | 88.5 (66.7-106.6) | 67.0 (51.0-82.0) | 82.0 (66.0-107.0) | 97.0 (73.5-117.0) | ||
APTT [s] | 29.4 ± 3.1 | 37.4 ± 11.4 | P < 0.0001 | 34.2 ± 5.11 | 35.5 ± 12.4 | 40.0 ± 14.82 | 38.2 ± 10.43 | P < 0.0001 |
APTT ratio | 0.95 ± 0.21 | 1.13 ± 0.37 | P = 0.002 | 1.06 ± 0.19 | 1.10 ± 0.45 | 1.16 ± 0.43 | 1.14 ± 0.342 | P = 0.019 |
Fe [μmol/l] | 16.9 ± 6.0 | 11.5 ± 6.2 | P < 0.0001 | 10.5 ± 5.72 | 15.3 ± 8.1 | 11.0 ± 4.62 | 10.4 ± 5.53,7 | P < 0.0001 |
TIBC [μmol/l] | 49.0 (45.0-50.0) | 44.6 (36.5-56.8) | NS | 54.2 (35.7-61.0) | 61.0 (52.5-145.5) | 45.0 (36.5-57.1)7 | 39.9 (34.7-47.6)3 | P < 0.0001 |
Ferritin [ng/ml] | 271.0 (8.5-328.0) | 228 (105.5-680.5) | NS | 182.5 (66.0-421.2) | 134.9 (49.0-221.0) | 277 (153.3-868.0) | 444 (137.0-844.0) | NS (P = 0.097) |
Ca 2+ [mmol/l] | 2.36 ± 0.11 | 2.24 ± 0.23 | P = 0.006 | 2.25 ± 0.20 | 2.34 ± 0.20 | 2.30 ± 0.21 | 2.15 ± 0.243,9,10 | P < 0.0001 |
Inorganic P [mmol/l] | 1.12 ± 0.15 | 1.49 ± 0.49 | P < 0.0001 | 1.49 ± 0.66 | 1.23 ± 0.24 | 1.39 ± 0.361 | 1.67 ± 0.483,8 | P < 0.0001 |
LDL [mmol/l] | 3.50 ± 0.76 | 3.08 ± 1.66 | P = 0.001 | 2.96 ± 1.08 | 3.25 ± 1.68 | 3.86 ± 2.77 | 2.69 ± 1.012 | P = 0.007 |
HDL [mmol/l] | 1.34 ± 0.36 | 1.26 ± 0.44 | NS | 1.37 ± 0.42 | 1.21 ± 0.38 | 1.38 ± 0.58 | 1.16 ± 0.39 | NS (P = 0.077) |
TG [mmol/l] | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.91 ± 1.00 | NS (0.063) | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | NS |
Total cholesterol [mmol/l] | 5.35 ± 0.79 | 5.13 ± 2.12 | P = 0.033 | 5.05 ± 1.14 | 5.29 ± 1.72 | 6.08 ± 3.81 | @4.54 ± 1.20 | P = 0.035 |
Albumin [g/l] | 44.8 ± 4.6 | 38.6 ± 6.1 | P < 0.0001 | 38.1 ± 6.61 | 39.5 ± 6.8 | 39.4 ± 6.1 | 37.9 ± 5.53 | P = 0.002 |
Urea [mmol/l] | 5.7 ± 2.0 | 17.1 ± 10.3 | P < 0.0001 | 14.1 ± 8.53 | 13.0 ± 12.82 | 17.5 ± 7.23 | 21.2 ± 9.63,9 | P < 0.0001 |
5.1 (4.5-6.4) | 15.5 (9.1-22.5) | Â | 11.5 (7.0-24.2) | 9.8 (6.7-13.5) | 17.0 (11.7-21.7) | 20.6 (15.8-25.3) | ||
Creatinine [μmol/l] | 83.1 ± 14.5 | 330.1 ± 234.9 | P < 0.0001 | 290.6 ± 247.73 | 159.6 ± 81.83 | 260.2 ± 139.53 | 502.5 ± 228.25,9 | P < 0.0001 |
82.0 (75.0-92.0) | 264 (131.7-470.5) |  | 227 (109–415) | 137 (113–174) | 232 (172.5-300) | 497 (329–677)3 | ||
Total protein [g/l] | 69.5 ± 3.9 | 66.8 ± 10.0 | NS | 69.2 ± 10.5 | 63.7 ± 9.9 | 70.7 ± 9.8 | 65.4 ± 9.2 | NS (P = 0.084) |
Uric acid [μmol/l] | 305.0 ± 83.9 | 416.2 ± 128.3 | P < 0.0001 | 442.8 ± 122.83 | 418.3 ± 117.72 | 459.8 ± 134.73 | 375.7 ± 126.5 | P < 0.0001 |
eGFR MDRD | 74.0 (65.2-83.5) | 21 (12.2-42.0) | P < 0.0001 | 25.0 (14.7-53.2)3 | 42.0 (28.0-55.0)1 | 21.4 (14.9-29.0)3 | 12.0 (8.0-16.0)3,4,9 | P < 0.0001 |
IVsd [mm] | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 15.0 ± 2.6 | P = 0.009 | 14.1 ± 1.8 | 14.7 ± 2.5 | 14.1 ± 2.1 | 16.3 ± 2.93,4,10 | P < 0.0001 |
IVss [mm] | 15.1 ± 1.4 | 15.5 ± 2.1 | NS | 16.0 ± 2.1 | 15.4 ± 1.9 | 15.0 ± 2.2 | 15.5 ± 2.2 | NS |
LV mass [g] | 234.4 ± 51.1 | 345.0 ± 126.8 | P < 0.0001 | 293.2 ± 72.5 | 326.8 ± 117.5 | 310.1 ± 96.0 | 403.5 ± 148.73,5,10 | P < 0.0001 |
LV hypertrophy [%] | 95.2(%) | 94.2% | NS | 92.3% | 96.6% | 90.0% | 95.6% | NS |
LV sys [mm] | 37.1 ± 4.1 | 40.7 ± 7.6 | P = 0.045 | 38.5 ± 5.7 | 39.9 ± 5.7 | 38.7 ± 6.3 | 43.2 ± 9.51 | P = 0.035 |
LV dias [mm] | 44.1 ± 7.0 | 48.7 ± 7.2 | P = 0.007 | 46.0 ± 5.0 | 47.4 ± 6.4 | 47.7 ± 5.7 | 51.5 ± 8.52 | P = 0.003 |
LA [mm] | 40.6 ± 2.9 | 42.4 ± 4.1 | P = 0.036 | 41.3 ± 2.9 | 41.2 ± 3.9 | 41.7 ± 3.2 | 44.2 ± 4.62,4,8 | P < 0.0001 |
RV [mm] | 26.0 ± 3.3 | 27.5 ± 3.8 | NS | 27.6 ± 2.1 | 26.8 ± 4.7 | 26.9 ± 3.8 | 28.1 ± 3.8 | NS |
E/A | 0.87 ± 0.27 | 1.09 ± 0.59 | NS | 1.09 ± 0.73 | 0.80 ± 0.17 | 1.14 ± 0.187 | 1.21 ± 0.66 | P = 0.014 |
E/E’ | 7.9 ± 1.7 | 10.7 ± 4.8 | NS | 8.6 ± 4.2 | 8.8 ± 4.1 | 12.6 ± 4.6 | 12.3 ± 4.9 | NS |
Dec (DT) | 209.6 ± 56.2 | 270.6 ± 123.6 | NS | 301.5 ± 157.9 | 321.3 ± 132.8 | 213.2 ± 73.4 | 246.6 ± 98.2 | NS |
Contractility disorders [%] | 52.4% | 62.2% | NS | 36.8% | 45.0% | 43.8% | 88.4%2,6,9,11 | P = 0.0001 |
EF% | 53.0 ± 3.5 | 48.5 ± 8.6 | P = 0.012 | 50.8 ± 4.5 | 51.1 ± 8.4 | 49.9 ± 10.2 | 45.5 ± 8.97 | P = 0.001 |
Mitral valve fibrosis [%] | 63.6% | 82.4% | NS (P = 0.079) | 87.0% | 73.9% | 70.6% | 88.9% | NS |
Aortic valve fibrosis [%] | 13.6% | 12.0% | NS | 8.7% | 8.7% | 11.8% | 15.6% | NS |
Mitral valve calcification [%] | 9.1% | 21.3% | NS | 8.7% | 13.0% | 11.8% | 15.6% | NS |
Aortic valve calcification [%] | 9.5% | 39.8% | P = 0.008 | 26.1% | 21.7% | 23.5% | 35.6% | NS |
IM [%] | 63.6% | 71.6% | NS | 65.2% | 54.2% | 64.7% | 86.7%2 | P = 0.045 |
IA [%] | 4.8% | 12.8% | NS | 13.0% | 8.3% | 5.9% | 17.8% | NS |
IT [%] | 36.4% | 58.3% | NS (P = 0.059) | 47.8% | 43.5% | 47.1% | 75.6%2,4,7 | P = 0.012 |
Fetuin A [ng/ml] | 37.5 (31.6-126.6) | 33.2 (27.5-89.4) | P = 0.018 | 70.6 (30.9-119.7) | 34.1 (28.5-92.5) | 31.4 (26.2-114.0) | 29.8 (25.5-37.5)2,4 | P = 0.002 |
Osteocalcin [ng/ml] | 9.1 ± 6.0 | 13.6 ± 10.3 | P = 0.05 | 10.6 ± 9.0 | 8.4 ± 5.8 | 11.7 ± 9.8 | 19.2 ± 11.13,4,9 | P < 0.0001 |
8.2 (5.1-13.0) | 10.5 (5.0-23.1) | Â | 6.7 (4.3-19.1) | 7.6 (4.3-11.9) | 9.2 (4.5-17.9) | 22.9 (8.5-28.2) | ||
Osteopontin [ng/ml] | 8.8 (7.2-37.8) | 9.3 (7.8-17.8) | NS | 9.4 (6.7-20.9) | 8.1 (7.4-16.1) | 9.8 (8.1-25.2) | 9.3 (8.0-13.8) | NS |
Osteoprotegerin [pmol/l] | 7.6 ± 5.5 | 8.5 ± 6.2 | NS | 7.5 ± 6.9 | 5.8 ± 4.6 | 8.2 ± 6.0 | 10.8 ± 6.22 | P = 0.005 |
5.7 (2.9-12.0) | 7.4 (3.5-12.2) | Â | 7.2 (1.1-11.0) | 5.2 (1.1-9.5) | 6.3 (3.7-11.6) | 10.1 (6.1-14.4) | ||
MGP [ng/ml] | 92.9 ± 28.5 | 86.7 ± 36.7 | NS | 77.1 ± 43.5 | 83.1 ± 33.9 | 89.5 ± 32.1 | 92.6 ± 36.7 | NS |
ABCG1 [ng/ml] | 2.25 (0.98-2.58) | 1.93 (0.72-2.43) | NS | 1.94 (1.64-2.34) | 1.86 (0.59-2.36) | 2.19 (0.89-2.63) | 1.84 (0.46-2.49) | NS |
ABCA1 [ng/ml] | 0.70 (0.62-0.75) | 0.60 (0.44-0.74) | NS (P = 0.079) | 0.71 (0.55-0.88) | 0.51 (0.41-0.71) | 0.59 (0.42-1.02) | 0.58 (0.30-0.71) | NS (P = 0.054) |
MMP-2 [ng/ml] | 94.8 (54.2-166.3) | 129.9 (73.4-219.3) | P = 0.045 | 206.9 ± 142.7 | 202.5 ± 152.3 | 160.6 ± 130.0 | 130.7 ± 105.8 | P = 0.008 |
113.1 ± 75.0 | 166.0 ± 129.9 |  | 166.9 (86.4-304.5)1 | 156.1 (105.7-274.2)1 | 136.5 (70.6-225.1) | 103.4 (63.4-160.1) | ||
MMP-9 [ng/ml] | 21.5 ± 6.4 | 22.5 ± 7.1 | NS | 20.1 ± 7.4 | 21.9 ± 6.2 | 22.7 ± 8.0 | 23.9 ± 6.9 | NS |
TIMP-1 [ng/ml] | 21.8 ± 3.7 | 21.4 ± 2.4 | NS | 19.8 ± 3.5 | 21.8 ± 2.2 | 21.7 ± 1.9 | 21.9 ± 1.54 | P = 0.048 |
TIMP-2 [ng/ml] | 22.1 ± 5.1 | 25.4 ± 7.0 | P = 0.005 | 23.5 ± 6.4 | 23.9 ± 5.5 | 25.3 ± 6.5 | 27.3 ± 8.02 | P = 0.003 |
MMP-2/TIMP-2 | 4.5 (2.5-7.9) | 6.1 (3.0-11.4) | NS (P = 0.056) | 11.0 (5.7-17.9)2 | 7.4 (4.4-14.7) | 6.3 (3.3-11.4) | 3.8 (2.0-8.4)5 | P = 0.001 |
MMP-9/TIMP-1 | 1.09 (0.65-1.28) | 1.15 (0.75-1.37) | NS | 1.16 ± 0.56 | 1.17 ± 0.71 | 1.08 ± 0.41 | 1.11 ± 0.37 | NS |
Renalase [ng/ml] | 251.0 ± 157.0 | 316.1 ± 155.3 | P = 0.026 | 354.5 ± 181.6 | 235.3 ± 152.3 | 279.4 ± 162.2 | 369.0 ± 110.52,5 | P < 0.0001 |