Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
From: The association of statin therapy and cancer: a meta-analysis
Study | Name of study | Area | Study design | Median follow–up, y | Treatments | Sample size | Gender (female, %) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
statin | non statin | statin | non statin | ||||||
Blankenhorn et al., 1993 [13] | MARS | NR | R, DB, PC | 3.7 | lovastatin (80Â mg daily) or placebo | 123 | 124 | NR | NR |
Terje et al., 1994 [14] | 4S | Scandinavia | R, DB, PC | 5.4 | simvastatin(10–40 mg daily) or placebo | 2221 | 2223 | 407(18%) | 420(19%) |
Oliver et al., 1994 [15] | MAAS | Europe | R, B, PC | 4 | simvastatin (20Â mg daily) or placebo | 193 | 188 | 22(11%) | 23(12%) |
Wouter et al., 1995 [16] | REGRESS | Netherlands | R,DB, PC | 2 | Pravastatin or placeo | 450 | 434 | 0(0%) | 0(0%) |
Shepherd et al., 1995 [17] | NR | the West of Scotland district | R, DB, PC | 4.9a | pravastatin (40Â mg daliy) or placebo | 3302 | 3293 | 0(0%) | 0(0%) |
Frank et al., 1996 [9] | CARE | Canada, the United States | R, DB, PC | 5 | pravastatin (40Â mg daliy) or placebo | 2081 | 2078 | 291(14%) | 291(14%) |
Alan et al., 1997 [18] | LCAS | the United States | R, DB, PC | 2.5 | fluvastatin (20Â mg twice daily) or placebo | 214 | 215 | 48(22.4%) | 32(14.9%) |
Bestehorn et al., 1997 [19] | CIS | Germany | R, DB, PC | 2.3a | simvastatin (20–40 mg) or placebo | 129 | 125 | 0(0%) | 0(0%) |
Tonkin et al., 1998 [20] | LIPID | Australia, Zealand | R, DB, PC | 6.1a | pravastatin (40Â mg daily) or placebo | 4512 | 4502 | 756(17%) | 760(17%) |
John et al., 1998 [21] | AFCAPS/TexCAPS | Texas | R, DB, PC | 5.2a | Lovastatin (20–40 mg daily) or placebo | 3304 | 3301 | 499(15%) | 498(15%) |
Jun et al., 2000 [22] | KLIS | Japan | R, PC | 5a | pravastatin (10–20 mg daily) or conventional treatment | 2219 | 1634 | 0(0%) | 0(0%) |
Teo et al., 2000 [23] | SCAT | Canada | R, DB, PC | 4 | simvastatin or placebo | 230 | 230 | 29(13%) | 21(9%) |
John et al., 2002 [24] | LIPID follow-up | Australia and New Zealand | R, DB, PC | 6 | pravastatin (40Â mg daily) or placebo | 4512 | 4502 | 661(17%) | 658(17%) |
Shepherd et al., 2002 [10] | PROSPER | Scotland, Ireland, and the Netherlands | R, B, PC | 3.2a | pravastatin (40Â mg daily) or placebo | 2891 | 2913 | 1495 (51.7%) | 1505 (51.7%) |
Jeffrey et al., 2002 [25] | ALLHAT-LLT | United States, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, and Canada | R, PC | 4.8 | Pravastatin (40Â mg daily) or usual care | 5170 | 5185 | 2511 (48.6%) | 2540(49%) |
Serruys et al., 2002 [26] | LIPS | Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, Canada, and Brazil | R, DB, PC | 3.9 | fluvastatin (80Â mg daily) or placebo | 844 | 833 | 133(15.8%) | 138 (16.6%) |
Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group, 2002 [27] | HPS | UK | R, PC | 5 | simvastatin (40Â mg daily) or placebo | 10,269 | 10,267 | 8421(82%) | 1643(16%) |
Hallvard et al., 2003 [28] | ALERT | Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and Canada | R, DB, PC | 5.1a | fluvastatin (40Â mg daily) placebo | 1050 | 1052 | 349(33.2%) | 366 (34.8%) |
Peter et al., 2003 [29] | ASCOT-LLA | Nordic countries, UK and Ireland | R, DB, PC | 3.3a | atorvastatin (10Â mg daily) or placebo | 5168 | 5137 | 979(18.9%) | 963 (18.7%) |
Beishuizen et al., 2004 [30] | NR | the Hague | R, DB, PC | 2 | cerivastatin(0.4Â mg daily) or placebo | 125 | 125 | 64(51%) | 68(54%) |
Helen et al., 2004 [31] | CARDS | UK and Ireland | R, PC | 3.9 | atorvastatin (10Â mg daily) or placebo | 1428 | 1410 | 456(32%) | 453(32%) |
Michael et al., 2004 [32] | The ALLIANCE Study | America | R | 4.3 | atorvastatin or usual care | 1217 | 1225 | 217(17.8%) | 217 (17.7%) |
Wanner et al., 2005 [33] | 4D | Germany | R, DB, PC | 4 | atorvastatin (10 or 20Â mg daily) or placebo | 619 | 636 | 286(46.2%) | 292 (45.9%) |
Stegmayr et al., 2005 [8] | NR | NR | R, PC | 2.6a | atorvastatin or placebo | 70 | 73 | 22(31.4%) | 21(30.1%) |
Nakamura et al., 2006 [6] | MEGA Study | JAPAN | R, PC | 5.3a | diet plus 10–20 mg pravastatin daily or diet | 3866 | 3966 | 2638(68%) | 2718(69%) |
Pierre et al., 2006 [34] | SPARCL | NR | R, DB, PC | 4.9 | atorvastatin (80Â mg daily) or placebo | 2365 | 2366 | 938(39.7%) | 970 (41.0%) |
Kjekshus et al., 2007 [35] | CORONA | 19 European countries, Russia, and South Africa | R, B, PC | 2.7 | rosuvastatin (10Â mg daily) or placebo | 2541 | 2479 | 593 (24%) | 587(24%) |
Paul et al., 2008 [7] | JUPITER | 1315 sites in 26 countries | R, DB, PC | 1.9 | rosuvastatin (20Â mg daily) or placebo | 8901 | 8901 | 3426 (38.5%) | 3375 (37.9%) |
Kwan et al., 2010 [36] | ASTRONOMER | Canada | R, DB, PC | 3.5 | rosuvastatin (40Â mg daily) or placebo | 134 | 135 | 53 (39.5%) | 50(37%) |
Bengt et al., 2010 [37] | AURORA | 280 centers in 25 countries | R, DB, PC | 3.8 | rosuvastatin (10Â mg daily) or placebo | 1389 | 1384 | 538 (38.7%) | 512(37%) |
Schanberg et al., 2011 [38] | APPLE | North American | R, DB, PC | 3 | atorvastatin (10 or 20Â mg daily) or placebo | 113 | 108 | 95 (84.1%) | 89(82.4%) |
Hosomi et al., 2015 [39] | J-STARS | Japan | PROBEb | 4.9 | pravastatin (10Â mg daily) or no statins | 793 | 785 | 248 (31.3%) | 243(31%) |
Yusuf et al., 2016 [5] | (HOPE)–3 | 228 centers in 21 countries | R, DB, PC | 5.6 | rosuvastatin (10 mg daily) or placebo | 6361 | 6344 | 2951 (46.4%) | 2923 (46.1%) |
Kitas et al., 2019 [40] | TRACE RA | UK | R, DB, PC | 2.5 | atorvastatin (40Â mg daily) or placebo | 1504 | 1498 | 1120 (74.8%) | 1107 (73.6%) |
Wang et al., 2021 [41] | OAKS | Australia | R, DB, PC | 2 | atorvastatin (40Â mg daily) or placebo | 151 | 153 | 92 (60.9%) | 77(50.3%) |