Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to the quartiles of lean body mass to visceral fat mass ratio (n = 9646)
Characteristic | In LMI/VFMI | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (<4.41) | Q2 (4.41-4.76) | Q3 (4.76-5.17) | Q4 (≥5.17) | ||
Gender, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Male | 816 (33.84) | 1298 (53.81) | 1373 (56.95) | 1395 (57.84) |  |
 Female | 1595 (66.16) | 1114 (46.19) | 1038 (43.05) | 1017 (42.16) |  |
Age (mean ± SD, year) | 46.54 ± 9.41 | 41.54 ± 10.27 | 37.22 ± 10.82 | 31.63 ± 9.87 | <0.001 |
Race, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Mexican American | 566 (23.48) | 426 (17.66) | 287 (11.90) | 142 (5.89) |  |
 Non-Hispanic White | 844 (35.01) | 819 (33.96) | 791 (32.81) | 900 (37.31) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 228 (9.46) | 398 (16.50) | 559 (23.19) | 745 (30.89) |  |
 Other Race | 773 (32.06) | 769 (31.88) | 774 (32.10) | 625 (25.91) |  |
Education, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Under high school | 601 (24.93) | 496 (20.56) | 387 (16.06) | 288 (11.95) |  |
 High school or equivalent | 539 (22.36) | 534 (22.14) | 528 (21.91) | 481 (19.95) |  |
 Above high school | 1271 (52.72) | 1382 (57.30) | 1495 (62.03) | 1642 (68.10) |  |
PIR (mean ± SD)a | 2.43 ± 1.65 | 2.60 ± 1.65 | 2.63 ± 1.67 | 2.54 ± 1.67 | <0.001 |
BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2) | 30.70 ± 4.49 | 28.93 ± 4.54 | 27.10 ± 4.70 | 23.94 ± 4.43 | <0.001 |
WC (mean ± SD, cm) a | 103.38 ± 11.30 | 98.75 ± 11.24 | 93.36 ± 11.80 | 83.29 ± 11.00 | <0.001 |
MET scores, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Light | 387 (22.49) | 324 (16.62) | 263 (13.01) | 198 (9.25) |  |
 Moderate | 691 (40.15) | 782 (40.12) | 797 (39.42) | 784 (36.64) |  |
 Vigorous | 643 (37.36) | 843 (43.25) | 962 (47.58) | 1158 (54.11) |  |
Smoking, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Never | 740 (59.97) | 773 (60.49) | 760 (61.69) | 791 (64.62) |  |
 Former | 248 (20.10) | 221 (17.29) | 193 (15.67) | 148 (12.09) |  |
 Current | 246 (19.94) | 284 (22.22) | 279 (22.65) | 285 (23.28) |  |
Alcohol, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.498 |
 Yes | 1472 (97.35) | 1676 (97.44) | 1718 (97.72) | 1828 (98.07) |  |
 No | 40 (2.65) | 44 (2.56) | 40 (2.28) | 36 (1.93) |  |
TC (median (IQR), mg/dL) | 201.00 (175.00-228.00) | 193.50 (169.00-220.00) | 186.00 (163.00-212.00) | 171.00 (152.00-194.25) | <0.001 |
ALT (median (IQR), U/L) | 23.00 (17.00-34.00) | 22.00 (16.00-31.00) | 20.00 (15.00-29.00) | 18.00 (14.00-24.00) | <0.001 |
eGFR (median (IQR), ml/min/1.73m2) | 104.95 (92.82-113.18) | 105.38 (92.43-115.81) | 106.41 (92.88-117.39) | 107.12 (93.39-119.31) | <0.001 |
Gout, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Yes | 90 (3.73) | 66 (2.74) | 39 (1.62) | 21 (0.87) |  |
 No | 2321 (96.27) | 2344 (97.26) | 2370 (98.38) | 2391 (99.13) |  |
Hypertension, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Yes | 965 (40.02) | 680 (28.19) | 498 (20.66) | 277 (11.48) |  |
 No | 1446 (59.98) | 1732 (71.81) | 1913 (79.34) | 2135 (88.52) |  |
Diabetes, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Yes | 509 (21.11) | 254 (10.53) | 126 (5.23) | 49 (2.03) |  |
 No | 1902 (78.89) | 2158 (89.47) | 2285 (94.77) | 2363 (97.97) |  |
CVD, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Yes | 159 (6.59) | 84 (3.48) | 58 (2.41) | 38 (1.58) |  |
 No | 2252 (93.41) | 2328 (96.52) | 2353 (97.59) | 2374 (98.42) |  |
SUA (mean ± SD, mg/dL) | 5.35 ± 1.35 | 5.43 ± 1.43 | 5.33 ± 1.39 | 5.00 ± 1.26 | <0.001 |
LMI (median (IQR), kg/m2) | 18.07 (16.15-19.89) | 18.32 (16.17-20.29) | 17.75 (15.54-19.90) | 16.71 (14.73-18.98) | <0.001 |
VFMI (median (IQR), kg/m2) | 0.27 (0.24-0.32) | 0.18 (0.16-0.21) | 0.13 (0.11-0.15) | 0.07 (0.06-0.09) | <0.001 |
In LMI/VFMI | 4.21 (4.05-4.32) | 4.59 (4.50-4.68) | 4.95 (4.85-5.05) | 5.46 (5.31-5.65) | <0.001 |