S1P, dihydro-S1P and C24:1-ceramide levels in the HDL-containing fraction of serum inversely correlate with occurrence of ischemic heart disease

Table 1 Characteristics of participants with and without IHD from the Copenhagen University Hospital and The Copenhagen City Heart Study.

	With IHD		No IHD
	High HDL-C ( n = 53) Group 1	Low HDL-C (n = 42) Group 2	High HDL-C (n = 55) Group 3	Low HDL-C (n = 54) Group 4
Age, years	63.1 ± 10.3	61.5 ± 9.3	62.6 ± 10.3	62.7 ± 9.6
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	208.1 ± 25.7	182.3 ± 29.4	207.3 ± 31.2	166.8 ± 31.1
High density lipoprotein-C, mg/dL	78.4 ± 14.3	32.4 ± 5.2	80.5 ± 14.1	33.6 ± 5.7
Low density lipoprotein-C, mg/dL	113.4 ± 26.3	120.9 ± 30.6	118.8 ± 28.0	117.7 ± 25.6
Triglycerides, mg/dL	82.1 ± 30.0	104.9 ± 31.1	74.1 ± 25.2	107.8 ± 29.4
Body mass index, kg/m²	24.8 ± 4.2	26.0 ± 3.5	23.6 ± 3.1	28.0 ± 5.0
Smokers, %	27.1	26.8	42.6	33.3
Diabetes mellitus, %	7.7	14.3	5.5	7.4

All values are original measurements from the above-mentioned studies. Selection and matching for the present study were based on these values. All individuals had LDL-C <160 mg/dL, triglycerides <150 mg/dL, and none were treated with LDL-C-lowering medications. Group 1: Females n = 16 Males n = 37; Group 2: Females n = 13 Males n = 29; Group 3: Females n = 16 Males n = 39; Group 4: Females n = 15 Males n = 39. Group 1 had high HDL-C (>90th percentile) and verified IHD; this group was compared with Group 3 without IHD, but matched by age, sex, and similar HDL-C levels (>90th percentile HDL-C levels for Group 1 and 3 individuals were females:≥ 73.5 mg/dL; males:≥ 61.9 mg/dL). Group 2 had low HDL-C (<10th percentile) and verified IHD; this group was compared with Group 4 without IHD, but matched by age, sex, and similar HDL-C levels (<10th percentile HDL-C levels for Group 2 and 4 individuals were females:≤ 38.7 mg/dL; males:≤ 34.1 mg/dL). All individuals without IHD were selected from The Copenhagen City Heart Study's 4th examination. Patients with IHD were selected from individuals referred to the Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark for coronary angiography.

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