Table 5 Change of energy and nutrition intakes
Control group (n = 8) | Intervention group (n = 8) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | After 4 weeks | Baseline | After 4 weeks | |||
Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. | p | Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. | p | |
Energy (kcal) | 1,829 ± 401 | 1,955 ± 460 | 0.327 | 2,190 ± 293 | 2,247 ± 364 | 0.401 |
Protein (g) | 73.1 ± 24.8 | 74.9 ± 26.7 | 0.484 | 77.3 ± 17.0 | 76.7 ± 16.7 | 0.889 |
Fat (g) | 52.3 ± 15.0 | 50.1 ± 16.1 | 0.484 | 69.8 ± 14.7 | 61.0 ± 15.9 | 0.069 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 248.0 ± 52.5 | 291.9 ± 77.0 | 0.327 | 288.0 ± 26.3 | 325.7 ± 54.0 | 0.025* |
Sodium (mg) | 4,251 ± 1,233 | 4,576 ± 1,519 | 0.123 | 4,339 ± 918 | 4,564 ± 868 | 0.401 |
Potassium (mg) | 2,550 ± 1,105 | 3,049 ± 1,068 | 0.012* | 2,815 ± 978 | 3,486 ± 766 | 0.017* |
Calcium (mg) | 611 ± 249 | 572 ± 283 | 0.401 | 610 ± 190 | 608 ± 159 | 0.674 |
Magnesium (mg) | 266 ± 99 | 278 ± 101 | 0.263 | 286 ± 69 | 312 ± 64 | 0.069 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1,105 ± 392 | 1,126 ± 426 | 0.575 | 1,172 ± 282 | 1,173 ± 258 | 0.889 |
Iron (mg) | 8.4 ± 3.5 | 8.9 ± 3.4 | 0.123 | 9.0 ± 2.6 | 9.8 ± 2.5 | 0.093 |
Zinc (mg) | 8.7 ± 2.8 | 8.9 ± 2.9 | 0.484 | 9.1 ± 1.8 | 8.9 ± 1.9 | 0.833 |
Manganese (mg) | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 0.401 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 0.208 |
β-carotene equivalent (μg) | 3,926 ± 2,674 | 3,945 ± 1,639 | 0.674 | 3,815 ± 2,357 | 4,795 ± 1,881 | 0.036* |
Retinol equivalent (μg) | 753 ± 555 | 808 ± 471 | 0.779 | 929 ± 459 | 855 ± 370 | 0.674 |
α-tocopherol (mg) | 7.0 ± 2.5 | 7.6 ± 2.4 | 0.161 | 8.9 ± 2.9 | 9.7 ± 2.4 | 0.161 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 101.6 ± 50.9 | 188.0 ± 67.0 | 0.012* | 121.2 ± 67.3 | 223.9 ± 46.9 | 0.012* |
Saturated fat (g) | 13.6 ± 3.9 | 13.2 ± 5.0 | 0.674 | 18.7 ± 3.5 | 16.4 ± 3.9 | 0.093 |
Monounsaturated fat (g) | 18.4 ± 5.4 | 17.7 ± 5.4 | 0.575 | 25.0 ± 5.3 | 21.5 ± 6.1 | 0.093 |
Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 13.5 ± 4.0 | 12.4 ± 4.0 | 0.263 | 17.2 ± 4.1 | 14.9 ± 3.8 | 0.069 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 417 ± 205 | 424 ± 193 | 0.889 | 434 ± 127 | 441 ± 153 | 0.779 |
Total dietary fiber (g) | 12.2 ± 5.2 | 11.6 ± 4.0 | 0.484 | 13.6 ± 3.8 | 14.1 ± 3.9 | 0.484 |
Soluble dietary fiber (g) | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 0.673 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 0.093 |
Insoluble dietary fiber (g) | 8.7 ± 3.5 | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 0.263 | 9.6 ± 2.5 | 9.6 ± 2.6 | 1.000 |
Sodium chloride equivalent (g) | 10.8 ± 3.1 | 11.6 ± 3.8 | 0.123 | 10.9 ± 2.3 | 11.5 ± 2.2 | 0.401 |