A 6-month “self-monitoring” lifestyle modification with increased sunlight exposure modestly improves vitamin D status, lipid profile and glycemic status in overweight and obese Saudi adults with varying glycemic levels

Table 1 Anthropometric and metabolic changes of all subjects and non-DM group over time

	All subjects			Non-DMT2 group
	Baseline	6 months	P-value	Baseline	6 months	P-value
M/F	37/113			15/51
Age (years)	44.78 ± 0.93			39.8 ± 1.44
BMI (kg/m²)	32.3 ± 0.5	32.2 ± 0.5	NS	32.6 ± 0.8	32.5 ± 0.8	NS
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	115.7 ± 1.7	115.4 ± 1.8	NS	115.4 ± 2.4	114.6 ± 2.5	NS
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	84.8 ± 2.2	85.1 ± 24.7	NS	81.2 ± 3.3	82.6 ± 3.3	NS
Glucose (mmol/l)	6.1 ± 0.2	6.0 ± 0.2	NS	4.6 ± 0.1	5.2 ± 0.1	0.0002
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	1.7 ± 0.07	1.6 ± 0.06	0.048	1.62 ± 0.1	1.47 ± 0.08	NS
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.7 ± 0.09	4.3 ± 0.08	5.3 × 10⁻⁶	4.6 ± 0.13	4.3 ± 0.11	NS
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.1 ± 0.03	0.87 ± 0.05	3.0 × 10⁻⁴	1.1 ± 0.04	0.84 ± 0.07	0.002
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)	3.5 ± 0.11	3.1 ± 0.09	2.5 × 10⁻⁵	3.3 ± 0.14	3.06 ± 0.12	NS
Calcium (mmol/l)	2.1 ± 0.01	2.2 ± 0.01	1.1 × 10⁻⁷	2.07 ± 0.02	2.23 ± 0.02	0.0008
Corrected calcium (mmol/l)	2.2 ± 0.01	2.3 ± 0.01	7.3 × 10⁻⁸	2.17 ± 0.02	2.28 ± 0.02	0.001
Phosphate (mmol/l)	1.08 ± 0.05	1.11 ± 0.02	NS	1.08 ± 0.12	1.09 ± 0.02	NS
Albumin (g/l)	36.4 ± 0.46	37.6 ± 0.37	0.026	35.2 ± 0.68	37.6 ± 0.6	0.004
25-OH D (nmol/l)	45.7 ± 2.2	55.8 ± 2.7	3.3 x 10⁻⁴	42.3 ± 2.8	53.6 ± 3.6	0.004

Note: Data presented as mean ± standard error; NS – not significant; significance at p < 0.05.

ISSN: 1476-511X