Table 1 Effects of free sterols and stanols on LDL cholesterol and cholesterol absorption parameters.
From: Plant sterols: factors affecting their efficacy and safety as functional food ingredients
Reference | Products | Vehicle | Subject | Condition: Starting mean TC mM | Daily Dose g Free sterol/stanol Equivalents | #Servings/d | Outcome: Where possible, Placebo-adjusted % decrease LDL is given = % decrease with sterol (To vs Tf) % decrease with placebo (To vs Tf). C-abs also indicated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[59] | A2 C2 | Spread | 9 | Normocholesterolemic | 1.0 1.3 |  | ↓ C-abs 42.0% ↓ C-abs 33.0% |
[176] | B2 | Sunflower oil (Capsule) | 3 M, 3 W | Hypercholesterolemic | 1.5 |  | ↓ LDL 14.4% |
[27] | A1 B1 | Mayonnaise | 24 M&W | 6.5 | 0.96 1.0 | Habitual usage | ↓ TC 5.7% ↓ TC 2.4% |
[28] | A1 B1 D1 | Mayonnaise | 22 M, 9 W | >6.0 | 1.0 1.0 1.2 | Habitual usage | ↓ LDL 6.2% ↓ LDL 5.1% ↓ LDL 7.7% |
[21] | B1+step 1 diet | Capsules with sterols consumed with food | 33 M | 6.2 | 3.0 3.0 with 8 g cholestyramine 8 g of cholestyramine | 3 | ↓ LDL 1.8% |
[33] | A2 | Spread | 12 M | Normocholesterolemic | 0.7 |  | ↓ LDL 6.1% |
[177] | A2 | olive oil | 8 M, 8 W | 3.7 M, 4.1 W | 0.4 g/1000 Kcal | 3 | ↓ LDL 2.8% |
[103] | A1 | Spread | 22 | 5.0 minimum | 1.6 |  | ↓ LDL 15 % Normocholesterolemics ↓ LDL 4.7% hypercholesterolmics |
[97] | B1+prudent diet | Spread | 32 M | 6.7–6.8 | 1.7 | 3 | ↓ LDL 15% |
[22] | B2 +soylecithin | Spread | 4 M, 2 W | 5.2 | 1.0-B2 powder 0.3–0.7-B2/lecithin micellar mix |  | ↓ C-abs 11.0% ↓ C-abs 34.4% at 0.3 g ↓ C-abs 36.7% at 0.7 g |
[20] | A2 | Spread | 39 M, 37 W | 4.9–5.1 | 0.8 | Habitual usage | ↓ LDL 6%, ↓ TC 9% |
[69] | B1 | Liquid emulsion | 12 M | 6.9 | 3 | 3 | ↓ C-abs 40% |
[100] | A1 B1 1:1 mixture A1:B1 | Butter fat ± sterols | 9 M, 6 W | 6.5 | 1.8 | 3 | ↓ LDL 13.3%, ↓ C-abs 56.1% ↓ LDL 13.4%, ↓ C-abs 33.3% ↓ LDL 16.0%, ↓ C-abs 49.2% |
[44] | A2 | Vegetable oil, partly filled milk | 18 M | 7.0 | 1.8 | 2 | ↓ C-abs 39% |
[71] | A2 | Vegetable oil, partly filled milk | 33 M | <5.2 | 2.2 | 2 | ↓ C-abs 51.1% |
[42] | A2 | Vegetable oil, partly filled milk | 18 M, 51 F | 7.0 | 1.2 or 1.6 | 2 | ↓ LDL 7.1% at 1.2 g ↓ LDL 9.6% at 1.6 g |