Table 1 Baseline (week 0) characteristics of study participants

Treatment

Placebo (n = 30)

Formulation/no diet (n = 31)

Formulation/Diet (n = 31)

Formulation/no diet (n = 31)

Demographic Characteristics (no.)

Sex

   Male

14

15

14

15

   Female

16

16

17

16

Age (years)*

39.9 (9.6)

41.0 (9.4)

40.9 (9.8)

39.7 (9.9)

Race or ethnic group

   West African

30

31

31

31

Family History of Diabetes

2

1

0

2

History of Gestational Diabetes

2

2

3

2

Anthropomorphic Characteristics* ¹

Weight (kg)

95.6 (14.3)

95.8 (8.0)

95.3 (9.1)

76.3 (7.9)

Fat (%)

41.8 (5.2)

46.5 (5.8)

48.1 (3.0)

35.8 (5.2)

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

38.4 (1.6)

37.7 (1.5)

37.5 (1.0)

27.3 (0.7)

Waist Circumference (cm)

103.4 (8.1)

98.6 (4.6)

97.8 (5.7)

86.9 (3.2)

Serological Characteristics* ²

Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)

160.8 (18.0)

159.1 (30.7)

171.0 (24.4)

152.6 (26.9)

LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)

103.5 (14.9)

99.8 (11.7)

116.6 (15.4)

101.6 (17.0)

HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)

32.7 (7.5)

36.6 (8.0)

38.6 (7.1)

44.4 (9.8)

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

142.5 (31.8)

156.0 (25.3)

144.9 (30.0)

117.4 (25.3)

C-Reactive Protein (mg/dl)

8.0 (1.1)

8.0 (1.0)

8.1 (0.7)

7.8 (0.8)

Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dl)

101.6 (11.9)

101.2 (15.9)

102.4 (9.8)

93.3 (12.4)