Table 2 Clinical characteristics of participants in the case–control study

Age, years

59.9 ± 8.7

59.4 ± 9.3

0.176

Male, n (%)

666 (60.5)

659 (61.6)

0.599

Current smoking, n (%)

415 (37.7)

373 (34.9)

0.170

Alcohol intake, n (%)

409 (37.2)

387 (36.2)

0.636

BMI, kg/m²

24.0 ± 3.23

23.1 ± 3.35

<0.001

Overweight, n (%)

341 (31.0)

278 (26.0)

0.010

Obesity, n (%)

183 (16.6)

99 (9.3)

<0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

647 (58.8)

0 (0)

<0.001

DM, n (%)

357 (32.5)

0 (0)

<0.001

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

234 (21.3)

0 (0)

<0.001

Antihypertensive treatment, n (%)

601 (54.6)

0 (0)

<0.001

Glucose-lowering treatment, n (%)

323 (29.4)

0 (0)

<0.001

Lipid-lowering treatment, n (%)

226 (20.5)

0 (0)

<0.001

SBP, mmHG

128.1 (126.9–129.3)

121.6 (120.9–122.2)

<0.001

DBP, mmHG

83.5 (82.6–84.4)

80.7 (80.0–81.4)

<0.001

FPG, mmol/L

6.04 (5.94–6.15)

4.97 (4.94–4.99)

<0.001

TC, mmol/L

4.32 ± 1.03

4.03 ± 0.42

<0.001

TG, mmol/L

1.53 ± 1.01

1.05 ± 0.36

<0.001

LDL-c, mmol/L

2.78 ± 1.04

2.74 ± 0.26

0.256

HDL-c, mmol/L

1.22 ± 0.20

1.27 ± 0.22

<0.001

CRP, mmol/L

4.54 ± 7.45

1.15 ± 1.78

<0.001

Gensini scores

22.3 (21.2, 23.5)