Table 1 Characteristics of subjects

Number

21572

6430

2524

7741

4191

686

Age (years)

48.3 ± 7.5

47.0 ± 7.7

47.9 ± 7.6**

48.8 ± 7.4**

49.4 ± 7.2**

47.6 ± 7.3

Smokers (%)

61.0

55.3

58.8**

63.0**

65.7**

70.1**

Habitual exercise (%)

9.9

9.0

10.1

10.2*

10.1

12.4**

Therapy for diabetes (%)

2.7

3.7

2.6**

2.1**

2.5**

1.2**

Height (cm)

169.3 ± 6.2

169.1 ± 6.4

169.3 ± 6.1

169. 3 ± 6.0

169. 5 ± 6.0*

170. 1 ± 6.2**

Waist circumference (cm)

83.3 ± 8.7

83.5 ± 10.0

82.5 ± 8.1**

83.1 ± 8.1*

83.6 ± 8.1

84.2 ± 8.7

Waist-to-height ratio

0.492 ± 0.051

0.494 ± 0.058

0.487 ± 0.048**

0.491 ± 0.047**

0.493 ± 0.047

0.495 ± 0.049

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

118 (78, 185)

116 (79, 178)

109 (73, 164)**

118 (77, 184)

130 (80, 208)**

144 (88, 236)**

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

57.5 ± 15.4

50.8 ± 12.6

57.5 ± 14.2**

60.1 ± 15.6**

61.9 ± 16.0**

63.2 ± 16.6**

CMI

1.05 (0.59, 1.89)

1.16 (0.67, 2.07)

0.95 (0.55, 1.65)**

0.99 (0.56, 1.76)**

1.06 (0.57, 2.01)**

1.15 (0.64, 2.18)

1.60 ± 1.98

1.66 ± 1.65

1.38 ± 1.54

1.52 ± 1.91

1.77 ± 2.68

1.80 ± 1.98

High CMI (%)

30.7

34.3

25.8**

28.0**

32.1*

35.7

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

5.50 ± 0.72

5.61 ± 0.86

5.48 ± 0.69**

5.45 ± 0.61**

5.46 ± 0.71**

5.43 ± 0.67**

Hyperglycemia (%)

20.4

25.3

19.0**

18.4**

17.9**

17.3**