Effects of sardine-enriched diet on metabolic control, inflammation and gut microbiota in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized trial

Table 4 Gut microbiota composition at baseline and after 6 months of dietary intervention

	Baseline			6 Months
	Sardine group (n = 16)	Control group (n = 14)		Sardine group (n = 16)	Control group (n = 14)
			P value^c			P value ^d	P within SG ^e	P within CG ^e
Phylum Firmicutes^a	0.22 ± 0.002	0.22 ± 0.03	0.56	0.16 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.01	0.11	0.01	0.03
Phylum Bacteroidetes^a	0.19 ± 0.03	0.12 ± 0.02	0.19	0.17 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.01	0.63	1.00	0.08
Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio^b	2.59 ± 0.7	1.99 ± 0.5	1.00	1.19 ± 0.1	0.92 ± 0.1	0.75	0.04	0.06
Bacteroides-Prevotella group ^a	0.04 ± 0.006	0.05 ± 0.008	0.56	0.06 ± 0.008	0.06 ± 0.01	0.85	0.004	0.12
E.rectale-C.coccoides group ^{a, f}	0.09 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.02	0.75	0.08 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.02	0.97	0.65	0.78
F.prausnitzii ^{a, g}	0.02 ± 0.003	0.02 ± 0.004	0.73	0.03 ± 0.005	0.02 ± 0.006	0.54	0.11	0.73
E.coli ^{a, h}	0.0008 ± 0.0002	0.02 ± 0.02	0.93	0.005 ± 0.002	0.08 ± 0.08	0.35	0.04	0.04

Values are mean ± SE
^a 16S rRNA gene copies of the bacterial group / 16S rRNA gene copies of total bacteria
^b 16S rRNA gene copies of Firmicutes/ 16S rRNA gene copies of Bacteroidetes
^c Intergroup comparisons at baseline by Mann-Whitney’s U test
^d Differences between groups at 6 months adjusted for baseline values (ANCOVA)
^e Intragroup comparisons by Wilcoxon signed-rank test
^f E.rectale-C.coccoides: Eubacterium rectale – Clostridium coccoides
^g F.prausnitzii: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
^h E.coli: Escherichia coli

ISSN: 1476-511X