Table 1 Demographic and laboratory characteristics of study subjects

N = 1310

451

422

437

789

521

Gender, male (%)

188 (41.7)^a

150 (35.5)

130 (29.7)

0.001

304 (38.5)

164 (31.5)

0.01

Age

60.27 ± 5.98^a#

59.33 ± 5.77^a

57.51 ± 5.95

< 0.001

59.86 ± 5.77

57.82 ± 6.15

0.018

Smoking (%)

82 (18.2)

74 (17.5)

67 (15.3)

0.499

142 (18.0)

81 (15.5)

0.261

Height (m)

1.63 ± 0.71^a

1.62 ± 0.07

1.62 ± 0.07

0.049

1.62 ± 0.07

1.62 ± 0.07

0.720

Weight (kg)

66.9 ± 11.40^a#

64.98 ± 9.56^a

62.78 ± 8.82

< 0.001

65.98 ± 10.74

63.28 ± 8.92

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

25.07 ± 3.73^a#

24.63 ± 2.96^a

23.86 ± 2.9

< 0.001

24.91 ± 3.46

23.95 ± 2.85

< 0.001

Waist circumstance (cm)

85.91 ± 10.19^a#

83.82 ± 9.30^a

81.37 ± 8.24

< 0.001

85.01 ± 9.93

81.78 ± 8.36

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

140.17 ± 20.08

139.14 ± 18.86

140.35 ± 19.82

0.62

139.77 ± 19.42

140.10 ± 19.88

0.769

DBP (mmHg)

82.55 ± 14.56^a

84 ± 12.56

84.99 ± 14.0

0.03

83.33 ± 13.74

84.59 ± 13.83

0.105

FBG (mmol/L)

7.37 ± 2.64^a#

5.56 ± 0.57^a

5.07 ± 0.32

< 0.001

6.59 ± 2.21

5.15 ± 0.52

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

6.87 ± 1.48^a#

6.05 ± 0.15^a

5.32 ± 0.14

< 0.001

6.60 ± 1.12

5.31 ± 0.17

< 0.001

Leu (μmol/L)

209.91 ± 43.72^a

199.63 ± 41.61^a

194.45 ± 39.95

< 0.001

205.25 ± 43.50

195.67 ± 39.72

< 0.001

Ile (μmol/L)

104.56 ± 21.53^a

99.45 ± 21.85^a

96.62 ± 23.10

< 0.001

102.22 ± 22.14

97.31 ± 22.48

< 0.001

Val (μmol/L)

282.72 ± 56.57^a

267.00 ± 47.79^a

260.33 ± 51.70

< 0.001

275.51 ± 53.19

262.13 ± 51.87

< 0.001

Total BCAAs (μmol/L)

597.19 ± 110.23^a#

566.08 ± 99.08^a

551.41 ± 103.50

< 0.001

582.98 ± 107.00

555.10 ± 102.76

< 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

2.28 ± 1.64^a#

2.04 ± 0.96^a

1.79 ± 1.06

< 0.001

2.20 ± 1.40

1.79 ± 1.01

< 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

5.17 ± 0.93

5.25 ± 0.85^a

5.09 ± 0.81

0.026

5.23 ± 0.90

5.07 ± 0.80

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.73 ± 0.74#

2.82 ± 0.69^a

2.67 ± 0.67

0.005

2.78 ± 0.73

2.67 ± 0.66

0.002

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.29 ± 0.40^a

1.33 ± 0.36^a

1.47 ± 0.63

< 0.001

1.31 ± 0.37

1.44 ± 0.61

< 0.001

N (%)

147 (32.6)^a

119 (28.2)^a

95 (21.7)

0.001

248 (31.4)

113 (21.7)

< 0.001