Table 1 Demographic characteristics of subjects
Characteristics | Overall | Non-diabetic subjects | Diabetic subjects | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Men (%) | 48.9 | 48.4 | 53.1 | <0.001 |
Women (%) | 51.1 | 51.6 | 46.9 | ||
Age (Years) | 45.9 ± 0.2 | 46.1 ± 0.2 | 59.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | |
Race/Ethnicity | White (non-Hispanic) (%) | 68.5 | 48.3 | 42.3 | <0.001 |
Non-Hispanic Black (%) | 11.6 | 19.7 | 21.4 | ||
Mexican-American (%) | 8.3 | 18.9 | 22.7 | ||
Other Hispanic (%) | 5.0 | 8.5 | 8.5 | ||
Other (%) | 6.6 | 4.6 | 5.0 | ||
Marital Status | Married (%) | 50.2 | 51.4 | 55.4 | <0.001 |
Widowed (%) | 8.8 | 7.5 | 15.1 | ||
Divorced (%) | 10.2 | 9.9 | 12.3 | ||
Never married (%) | 18.9 | 19.7 | 9.2 | ||
Education Status | Less than high school (%) | 12.2 | 11.7 | 21.4 | <0.001 |
Completed high school (%) | 39.0 | 39.8 | 41.8 | ||
More than high school (%) | 48.8 | 48.5 | 36.7 | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.5 ± 0.1 | 28.4 ± 0.1 | 31.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 98 ± 0.3 | 97 ± 1 | 107 ± 1 | <0.001 | |
Anthropometrically predicted visceral adipose tissue | 179.9 ± 1.8 | 174.8 ± 2.3 | 249.2 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 154 ± 3 | 147 ± 3 | 215 ± 4 | <0.001 | |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 196 ± 1 | 190 ± 3 | 195 ± 2 | <0.001 | |
Serum high density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 53 ± 1.6 | 53 ± 2 | 47.1 ± 1 | <0.001 | |
Serum TG/HDL ratio | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | |
Serum hsCRP (mg/dl) | 0.39 ± 0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.06 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | <0.001 | |
Serum Apolipoprotein (B) (mg/dL) | 93 ± 2 | 95 ± 3 | 97 ± 2 | <0.001 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121 ± 1 | 122 ± 0.3 | 132 ± 1 | <0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70 ± 1 | 68 ± 0.4 | 70 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 98 ± 0.1 | 91 ± 0.4 | 182 ± 1 | <0.001 | |
Plasma Insulin (μU/mL) | 12.9 ± 0.1 | 12.7 ± 0.4 | 22.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | |
HOMA-IR | 3.3 ± 0.08 | 2.9 ± 0.08 | 9.6 ± 0.06 | <0.001 | |
HOMA-B | 15.6 ± 2.5 | 162.4 ± 3.6 | 85.5 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | |
HOMA-S | 0.56 ± 0.01 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | <0.001 | |
HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.01 | 5.4 ± 0.01 | 7.4 ± 0.02 | <0.001 | |
2-h blood glucose (mg/dL) | 116 ± 1 | 117 ± 1 | 273 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | |
TyG index | 8226 ± 72 | 6785 ± 83 | 20,590 ± 234 | <0.001 | |
Lipid Accumulation Product | 68 ± 0.5 | 63 ± 0.2 | 112 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | |
Visceral Adiposity Index | 2.5 ± 0.02 | 2.3 ± 0.03 | 4.0 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | |