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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

From: U-shaped association between plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and mortality in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: a prospective cohort study

    

S1P quartiles

(n = 210)

Q4 > 1.490 μmol/L

n = 52

P-value a

Control group

n = 54

All, n = 210

Q1 < 0.967 μmol/L

n = 52

Q2(0.967–1.192 μmo

l/L) n = 53

Q3(1.200–1.490 μmo

l/L) n = 53

Demographic characteristic

 Age, years

56.3 ± 7.8

61.7 ± 9.32

62.23 ± 9.48

62.23 ± 7.87

60.13 ± 9.44

62.54 ± 10.41

0.559

 Sex, male n (%)

20 (37.0%)

134 (63.8)

37 (71.2)

33 (62.3)

28 (52.8)

38 (73.1)

0.195

Measurements at baseline

 Body mass index, kg/m2

24.92 ± 3.38

23.1 ± 3.91

22.74 ± 3.48

22.66 ± 3.26

23.98 ± 4.45

23.02 ± 3.91

0.276

 SBP, mmHg

125.89 ± 17.57

121.73 ± 21.32

122.33 ± 19.96

122.3 ± 20.99

117.92 ± 17.95

124.67 ± 26.07

0.446

 DBP, mmHg

78.89 ± 9.34

76.26 ± 11.65

76.25 ± 11.69

77.06 ± 10.62

75.74 ± 11.62

75.96 ± 12.97

0.944

 Heart rate, beats/min

67.0 [63.5–72.5]

74.0 [67.0–85.0]

70.5 [64.3–83.8]

73.00 [65.5–82.0]

76 [70.0–90.5]

74 [66.5–86.75]

0.127

NYHA class,

 I, n(%)

–

39 (18.6)

11 (21.2)

8 (15.1)

12 (22.6)

8 (15.4)

0.579

 II, n(%)

–

120 (57.1)

27 (51.9)

32 (60.4)

26 (49.1)

35 (67.3)

 

 III, n(%)

–

51 (24.3)

14 (26.9)

13 (24.5)

15 (28.3)

9 (17.3)

 

 MAGGIC score

–

17.6 ± 5.4

18.5 ± 5.7

17.2 ± 4.1

17.2 ± 5.8

17.6 ± 5.8

0.607

 eGFR,ml/min/1.73 m2

120.27 ± 17.94

87.29 ± 20.55

90.97 ± 19.24

84.33 ± 21.22

84.18 ± 19.89

89.98 ± 21.39

0.194

 Uric acid, μmol/L

255 ± 53.36

328.1 ± 89.92

304.53 ± 100.80

327.36 ± 87.59

339.73 ± 86.53

340.33 ± 81.85

0.148

 Triglyceride, mmol/L

–

1.70 ± 1.40

1.51 ± 1.12

1.74 ± 1.33

1.70 ± 0.96

1.80 ± 1.12

0.943

 HDL, mmol/L

–

1.16 ± 0.33

1.13 ± 0.26

1.10 ± 0.31

1.16 ± 0.34

1.24 ± 0.37

0.341

 LDL, mmol/L

–

2.39 ± 0.74

2.40 ± 0.69

2.08 ± 0.77

2.72 ± 0.67

2.34 ± 0.72

0.003

 Erythrocyte,10^12/L

–

4.59 ± 0.91

4.40 ± 0.55

4.43 ± 0.57

4.62 ± 0.66

4.92 ± 0.91

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin, mmol/L

–

146.71 ± 22.95

142.09 ± 17.08

141.29 ± 20.20

152.23 ± 20.41

151.11 ± 30.29

0.018

 Platelet,10^9/L

–

167.5 ± 63.0

169.7 ± 75.0

152.5 ± 55.1

179.1 ± 55.5

168.8 ± 63.5

0.182

 Leukocyte,10^9/L

–

5.30 [4.50–6.20]

5.10 [4.40–6.00]

5.30 [4.75–6.75]

6.20 [5.05–7.85]

5.1 [4.23–5.60]

< 0.001

 LY10^9/L

–

1.60 [1.30–2.10]

1.50 [1.25–2.05]

1.60 [1.20–1.90]

1.77 [1.50–2.20]

1.50 [1.23–1.89]

0.019

 LY%

–

30.71 ± 8.90

31.25 ± 9.18

29.37 ± 9.96

30.32 ± 7.66

32.04 ± 8.66

0.469

 MONO, 10^9/L

–

0.30 [0.20–0.43]

0.19 [0.11–0.32]

0.31 [0.19–0.47]

0.36 [0.30–0.50]

0.32 [0.235–0.395]

< 0.001

 MONO%

–

5.70 [4.00–7.10]

3.35 [2.35–5.75]

5.85 [3.80–6.65]

6.15 [5.00–7.50]

6.6 [5.4–7.7]

< 0.001

 NEUT10^9/L

–

3.10 [2.38–3.80]

3.1 [2.50–3.80]

3.30 [2.34–4.30]

3.6 [2.8–4.8]

2.7 [2.2–3.3]

0.001

 NEUT%

–

58.93 ± 10.56

60.94 ± 9.61

60.23 ± 10.61

59.84 ± 8.88

54.24 ± 12.06

0.007

Echocardiography

 LVEF,%

–

35.76 ± 7.57

35.05 ± 8.75

37.25 ± 6.56

33.66 ± 7.14

37.11 ± 7.30

0.04

 LVEDD, mm

–

69.25 ± 8.86

70.29 ± 9.66

67.98 ± 8.11

69.96 ± 10.10

68.79 ± 7.35

0.518

 LVESD, mm

–

56.68 ± 9.12

57.87 ± 10.02

55.15 ± 8.10

57.6 ± 10.48

56.12 ± 7.55

0.377

 LVEDV, mL/m2

–

210.01 ± 76.12

230.46 ± 83.55

187.76 ± 65.60

213.87 ± 82.17

207.46 ± 58.74

0.039

 LVESV, mL/m2

–

143.56 ± 61.05

154.98 ± 69.41

124.73 ± 51.84

147.23 ± 65.35

146.87 ± 52.98

0.07

Biomarkers

 

 S1P, μmol/L

1.100

[0.917–1.325]

1.196

[0.966–1.493]

0.806

[0.675–0.911]

1.08

[1.00–1.16]

1.350

[1.265–1.420]

1.779

[1.570–2.135]

< 0.001

 NT-proBNP, pg/mL

42.1

[35.5–56.5]

1633.5

[857.3–3123.3]

2155

[1093–3615]

1465

[716–3254]

1462

[778–2657]

1620.5

[634.5–2890.5]

0.416

Cardiac medication, n (%)

 ACEI/ARBs

–

185 (88.1)

45 (86.5)

46 (86.8)

50 (94.3)

44 (84.6)

0.427

 Beta blocker

–

169 (80.5)

38 (73.1)

41 (77.4)

51 (96.2)

39 (75.0)

0.009

 Diuretics

–

118 (56.2)

29 (55.8)

28 (52.8)

32 (60.4)

29 (55.8)

0.89

 Aldosterone receptor antagonism

–

162 (77.1)

44 (84.6)

36 (67.9)

40 (75.5)

42 (80.8)

0.197

Outcomes

 All-cause mortality, n (%)

–

50 (23.8)

16 (30.8)

6 (11.3)

12 (22.6)

16 (30.8)

0.05

 HF hospitalization, n (%)

–

121 (57.6)

32 (61.5)

27 (50.9)

33 (62.3)

29 (55.8)

0.607

 All-cause mortality in the first two-year, n (%)

–

30 (14.3)

9 (17.3)

3 (5.7)

5 (9.4)

13 (25.0)

0.023

 HF hospitalization in the first two-year, n (%)

–

100 (47.6)

28 (53.8)

20 (37.7)

24 (45.3)

28 (53.8)

0.283

 Average length of follow-up, year b

–

2.64 ± 0.86

2.57 ± 0.87

2.93 ± 0.73

2.82 ± 0.84

2.24 ± 0.84

< 0.001

 Average No. of hospitalization per person per year c

–

0.68 [0.53–0.82]

0.79 [0.45–1.12]

0.46 [0.19–0.74]

0.44 [0.28–0.60]

0.82 [0.45–1.20]

0.307

  1. Continuous, normally distributed variables are reported as the mean ± SD, otherwise as the median [IQ1-IQ3] or n (%). aThe baseline characteristics among the 4 quartile groups were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test for nonparametric variables, ANOVA for parametric variables, and the χ2 test for categorical variables. bBecause of the lowest all-cause mortality rate, more patients in the S1PQ2 group could reach the end of the follow-up (December 31, 2017). So that S1PQ2 group had the longest average length of follow-up. c“Average No. of hospitalization per person per year” was used to adjust the multiple hospitalizations and different length of follow-up. Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NYHA, New York Heart Association; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; LY, leukomonocyte; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; MONO, monocyte; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; NEUT, neutrophil; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; SBP, Systolic blood pressure;
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Lipids in Health and Disease

ISSN: 1476-511X