Table 1 Reported association of serum/plasma triglycerides with cognitive function in previous studies
Source | Study/Population/study design | Cognitive function assessment methods | Regression models | Comparison and effect estimates (95% CI) | Adjustment for covariates | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yin et al. (2012) [12] | The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS); 836 participants aged 80 and older; cross-sectional study | The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) | Model 1 | 0.67 (0.52–0.86)** | Age, sex, ethnicity and education | High normal plasma TG was association with preservation of cognitive function while lower concentrations were not in the Chinese oldest-old. |
Model 2 | 0.65 (0.50–0.84)** | Model 1 ± leisure activity, smoking, drinking and systolic blood pressure | ||||
Janie et al. (2015) [13] | The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 Study; 1043 participants; cross-sectional study and follow-up study | The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) | Model 1 | Standardized regression coefficient: − 0.070* | Sex, age | Lower TG was associated with higher cognitive scores in most cognitive domains. |
Model 2 | 0.007 | Model 1 ± age 11 IQ | ||||
Model 3 | 0.006 | Model 2 ± occupational social class, statin use, and history of cardiovascular disease | ||||
Lv et al. (2016) [14] | The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in 2012; 2437 participants aged 65 and older; cross-sectional study | The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) | Model 1 | Compared with the lowest tertile: 0.86 (0.74–1.00)* | Age, gender, marital status, residence and education level | TG was associated with MMSE score in linear regression models. But in multiple logistic regression model, TG levels were not associated with the risk of cognitive impairment. |
Model 2 | 0.88 (0.76–1.03) | Model 1 ± current cigarette smoking, current alcohol drinking, central obesity, sleep quality, anemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD | ||||
Kanoski et al. (2011) [15] | The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study: 6814 participants; cross-sectional study and follow-up study | Cognitive Ablilities Screening Instrument (CASI) version 2, Digit Symbol Coding (DSC) and Digit Span (DS) | Model 1 | Standardized regression coefficient: 0.026*(Digit Symbol Coding Test) and − 0.020(Forward Digit Span Test) | age, sex and race/ethnicity | Lower TG was associated with better short-term memory. |
Model 2 | 0.030*(Digit Symbol Coding Test) and − 0.037*(Forward Digit Span Test) | Model 1 ± education, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, current alcohol insurance, foreign born status, physical activity, use of lipid-lowing medication, waist:hip ratio, height, diabetes, hypertension, CRP level, fibrinogen level, interleukin-6 level, APOE genotype, hypertension and concentrations of other lipids | ||||
Reitz et al. (2004) [8] | 4316 Medicare recipients aged 65 and older; cross-sectional and prospective community-based cohort | Vascular Dementia | Model 1 | Compared with the lowest quartile: 0.82 (0.54–1.26) | sex, age, education and race | TG was not related with the risk of Vascular Dementia. |
Model 2 | 0.95 (0.58–1.56) | Model 1 ± BMI, APOE genotype, diabetes, heart disease and hypertension | ||||
Parthasarathy et al. (2014) [16] | 251 participants; cross-sectional study | Standardized neuropsychological tests, including the executive functioning measure (EXEC), and the memory measure (MEM) | Model 1 | Standardized regression coefficient:-13.20* | age, education, gender, | TG levels are inversely correlated with executive function in non-demented elderly adults. |
Model 2 | −10.47* | Model 1 ± TC, LDL, APOE4 status, Clinical Dementia Rating scores (CDR) and white matter microstructure. |