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Table 3 Associations of dietary linoleic acid with glucose metabolism and liver function markersa,b

From: Associations of linoleic acid with markers of glucose metabolism and liver function in South African adults

 

Tertiles of dietary linoleic acid

P-trendc

β (95% CI) per 1 SD

P

T1

T2

T3

Glucose metabolism markers

 Plasma glucose, mmol/L

  Model 1

4.88 (4.73, 5.03)

4.84 (4.69, 4.99)

4.92 (4.77, 5.07)

0.71

0.008 (− 0.010, 0.026)

0.36

  Model 2

4.90 (4.74, 5.06)

4.83 (4.68, 4.98)

4.91 (4.76, 5.06)

0.89

0.007 (− 0.013, 0.026)

0.50

  Model 3

4.90 (4.72, 5.06)

4.83 (4.68, 4.98)

4.91 (4.76, 5.06)

0.93

0.010 (− 0.015, 0.036)

0.43

 HbA1c (%)

  Model 1

5.61 (5.51, 5.70)

5.66 (5.56, 5.76)

5.67 (5.57, 5.77)

0.39

0.004 (−0.006, 0.014)

0.40

  Model 2

5.64 (5.54, 5.74)

5.65 (5.56, 5.75)

5.65 (5.55, 5.75)

0.89

0.001 (− 0.010, 0.011)

0.92

  Model 3

5.60 (5.49, 5.71)

5.65 (5.56, 5.75)

5.68 (5.57, 5.80)

0.36

0.008 (− 0.007, 0.022)

0.30

Liver function markers (subsample, n = 613)

 Serum GGT, U/L

  Model 1

64.8 (57.5, 73.1)

55.6 (49.3, 62.6)

50.2 (44.6, 56.7)

0.004

−0.079 (− 0.149, − 0.010)

0.025

  Model 2

59.3 (52.6, 66.9)

56.4 (50.4, 63.2)

53.9 (48.0, 60.6)

0.28

−0.006 (− 0.076, 0.065)

0.88

  Model 3

65.2 (57.0, 74.5)

57.0 (50.9, 63.7)

48.8 (42.8, 55.6)

0.008

−0.084 (− 0.179, 0.010)

0.08

 Serum ALT, U/L

  Model 1

19.0 (17.6, 20.5)

17.2 (16.0, 18.6)

16.8 (15.6, 18.2)

0.027

−0.030 (− 0.074, 0.014)

0.18

  Model 2

18.5 (17.0, 20.0)

17.4 (16.2, 18.8)

17.1 (15.8, 18.5)

0.21

−0.005 (− 0.053, 0.043)

0.84

  Model 3

19.1 (17.4, 20.9)

17.4 (16.2, 18.8)

16.6 (15.2, 18.1)

0.06

−0.020 (− 0.084, 0.044)

0.54

Serum AST, U/L

  Model 1

29.0 (26.7, 31.5)

26.8 (24.6, 29.1)

26.0 (23.9, 28.3)

0.07

−0.022 (− 0.071, 0.026)

0.36

  Model 2

28.3 (26.0, 30.9)

26.7 (24.6, 28.9)

26.6 (24.5, 28.9)

0.33

0.004 (−0.047, 0.055)

0.88

  Model 3

30.2 (27.4, 33.2)

26.7 (24.6, 28.9)

25.0 (22.8, 27.5)

0.018

−0.041 (− 0.109, 0.027)

0.24

  1. Values for outcome variables in dietary linoleic acid tertiles are geometric means and 95% CI. Values for β (95% CI) are natural log-transformed values;
  2. ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, GGT Gamma-glutamyl transferase
  3. a One standard deviation of dietary linoleic acid is 3.1 en%;
  4. b Multivariable models: Model 1: adjusted for age, sex; Model 2: model 1 plus education level, locality, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy intake, BMI; Model 3: model 2 plus fiber, available carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids intake;
  5. cP-values for trend were obtained by assigning median value of dietary linoleic acid and and this value was modelled as continuous
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Lipids in Health and Disease

ISSN: 1476-511X