Stimulus | transcription factors | Cell surface markers | Cytokines | Functions | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMe macrophages | High levels of glucose, insulin, and palmitate [37] |
p62 PPARγ [37] |
ABCA1 CD36 PLIN2 [37] | IL-6 (NOX2-dependent) [38] | Removing dead adipocyte debris [37, 39] |
CD9 macrophages |
AP-1 subunit JunB NF-κB subunit p65 |
CD9 CD16 CD206 |
IL-1α IL-18 TNF | Filled with lipids, and secret exosomes [40] | |
Ly6c macrophages | CTCF [40, 41] |
CD11b Ly6c | Factors that support vascular development and organization | Regulating adipogenesis process | |
MFehi macrophages | High iron |
CD163 Tfrc Hmox1 ferritin light and heavy chains (Ftl1 and Fth1, respectively) ceruloplasmin(Cp) ferroportin-1(Slc40a1) | IL-10 | Iron regulation [42, 43] | |
Antioxidant macrophages (Mox) | • CX3CR1neg F4/80loHO1+Txnrd1 [44] |
Predominant ATMs phenotype in lean adipose tissue. Response to oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) by upregulating Nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzymes [45]. Antioxidant macrophages (Mox) require suppression of regular energy metabolism to produce the antioxidant glutathione [46]. | |||
Hybrid M1/M2 macrophages |
• CD11c+CD206+ [47] • F4/80hiCD11c+CD206+ [44] | ATMs phenotype isolated from obese mice [44]. | |||
Macrophages in human visceral adipose |
• CD14+CD16+CD36high [48] • CD14+CD16−CD163+ |
Proinflammatory macrophages Anti-inflammatory macrophages |