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Table 3 Odds ratio for NAFLD

From: Association between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in South Korean population: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

ORa

95% CI

β

SE

P-value

Age-adjusted sitting time (hr)b

 Q1 (lower < 25%)

1.00

 

Ref.

  

 Q2

1.07

(0.88–1.31)

0.07

0.10

0.4968

 Q3

1.16

(0.96–1.41)

0.15

0.10

0.1184

 Q4 (upper > 75%)

1.34

(1.11–1.61)

0.29

0.09

0.0022

Test for trend

P-value = 0.0002

Sex

 Male

1.00

 

Ref.

  

 Female

0.91

(0.76–1.09)

− 0.09

0.09

0.3063

Marital status

 Married and living together

1.00

 

Ref.

  

 Living apart, divorced, or deceased

1.09

(0.90–1.33)

0.09

0.10

0.3894

 Unmarried

1.25

(0.97–1.60)

0.22

0.13

0.0801

Educational attainment

  ≤ Highschool

1.08

(0.93–1.27)

0.08

0.08

0.3195

  ≥ College

1.00

 

Ref.

  

Occupationc

 White-color

1.00

 

Ref.

  

 Blue-color

0.95

(0.79–1.15)

−0.05

0.10

0.6055

 Pink-color

1.19

(0.94–1.49)

0.17

0.12

0.1420

 Unemployed

1.29

(1.07–1.54)

0.25

0.09

0.0067

Household income

 Low

1.08

(0.87–1.35)

0.08

0.11

0.4851

 Mid-low

1.06

(0.90–1.26)

0.06

0.09

0.4740

 Mid-high

1.18

(1.00–1.39)

0.17

0.08

0.0461

 High

1.00

 

Ref.

  

Sleeping time (hr)

  < 7

1.01

(0.89–1.14)

0.01

0.06

0.9237

  ≥ 7

1.00

 

Ref.

  

Energy intaked

 Quintile 1 (lower < 20%)

0.90

(0.75–1.09)

−0.10

0.09

0.2898

 Quintile 2

0.86

(0.70–1.05)

−0.16

0.10

0.1274

 Quintile 3

1.00

 

Ref.

  

 Quintile 4

0.99

(0.83–1.19)

−0.01

0.09

0.9468

 Quintile 5 (upper > 80%)

1.05

(0.86–1.28)

0.05

0.10

0.6521

Physical activeness

 Active

1.00

 

Ref.

  

 Inactive

1.31

(1.16–1.48)

0.27

0.06

<.0001

Pack years of smoking

  ≥ 5 packs

0.99

(0.84–1.18)

−0.01

0.09

0.9391

  < 5 packs

0.93

(0.59–1.45)

− 0.08

0.23

0.7371

 Never

1.00

 

Ref.

  

Current drinking status

 2–4 times / week

0.50

(0.42–0.59)

−0.70

0.09

<.0001

 2–4 times / month

0.75

(0.64–0.88)

− 0.29

0.08

0.0005

 Never or occasionally

1.00

 

Ref.

  

Obesity status defined by BMIe

 Obese (≥25 kg/m2)

38.93

(31.62–47.92)

3.66

0.11

<.0001

 Normal or borderline (< 25 kg/m2)

1.00

 

Ref.

  

Hypertension

 Hypertension

2.29

(1.93–2.73)

0.83

0.09

<.0001

 Prehypertension

1.85

(1.58–2.17)

0.62

0.08

<.0001

 Normal

1.00

 

Ref.

  

Diabetes

 Diabetes

7.19

(5.91–8.73)

1.97

0.10

<.0001

 Impaired fasting glucose

1.90

(1.65–2.19)

0.64

0.07

<.0001

 Normal

1.00

 

Ref.

  

Year

 2016

1.00

 

Ref.

  

 2017

0.37

(0.32–0.44)

−0.98

0.09

<.0001

 2018

0.40

(0.35–0.47)

−0.91

0.08

<.0001

  1. Hepatic steatosis index = 8 x (ALT/AST ratio) + BMI (+ 2, if female; + 2, if diabetes mellitus))
  2. aHepatic steatosis index ≥36
  3. bAge-adjusted sitting-time categorized using quartile
  4. cCategories based on International Standard Classification Occupations codes
  5. dTotal energy intake = (carbohydrate(g) × 4 kcal/g) + (protein(g) × 4 kcal/g) + (fat(g) × 9 kcal/g);
  6. eObesity status defined by BMI based on 2014 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity in Korea
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Lipids in Health and Disease

ISSN: 1476-511X