Cell surface sphingomyelin: key role in cancer initiation, progression, and immune evasion

Table 1 Tumor-associated and tumor-specific antigens

Marker	Full name	Tissue	Malignancy	Ref
AFP	Alfa fetoprotein	Fetal liver	Liver, gut, ovaries	[4]
CEA	Carcinoembryonic antigen	Blood	Gastric, lung	[4]
HSP	Heat shock proteins	Stressed cells	lung, gut, prostate	[4]
CA	Carbohydrate antigens	All cells	Gastric, lung, pancreas	[4]
MUC1	Mucin 1	Epithelial cells	Lung, breast, pancreas	[4]
PSA	Prostate-specific antigen	Prostate	Prostate	[4]
MAGE	Melanoma-associated antigen	Testis	Lung	[4, 5]
NY-ESO-1	Cancer/testis antigen	Testis	Esophagus	[6,7,8]
SSX-2	Cancer/testis antigen	Testis	Various cancer	[7, 9, 10]
GPC3	Glypican-3	Fetal and adult	Liver, lung, melanoma	[4]
Midkine	Growth-promoting factor 2	All cells	Nervous system	[7, 11]
EpCAM	Cell adhesion molecule	Epithelial cells	Epithelial carcinomas	[7]
PRAME	Preferentially in melanoma	Testis	Lung	[5, 7, 8]
WT1	Wilm’s tumor protein1	Urinogenital	Kidney	[7, 8]
Survivin	Inhibitor of apoptosis	All cells	Bladder	[7, 8, 12]

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