Table 1 Baseline characteristics based on TyG-BMI grouping of subjects enrolled according to ADA and WHO diagnostic criteria for pre-diabetes

No. of subjects

27,710

27,709

27,709

27,710

Age, years

35.00 (31.00–43.00)

40.00 (33.00–51.00)

44.00 (35.00–55.00)

45.00 (36.00–56.00)

< 0.001

Sex

< 0.001

 Men

7394 (26.68%)

12,526 (45.21%)

17,684 (63.82%)

21,118 (76.21%)

 Women

20,316 (73.32%)

15,183 (54.79%)

10,025 (36.18%)

6592 (23.79%)

Height, cm

164.16 (7.50)

165.43 (8.30)

167.12 (8.48)

168.41 (8.31)

< 0.001

Weight, kg

52.76 (6.02)

60.48 (6.93)

67.47 (7.70)

77.44 (10.06)

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m²

19.54 (1.37)

22.04 (1.19)

24.10 (1.30)

27.24 (2.32)

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

110.65 (13.57)

116.14 (15.08)

121.46 (15.63)

126.96 (16.30)

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

69.22 (9.19)

72.06 (9.83)

75.64 (10.35)

79.59 (11.06)

< 0.001

FPG, mmol/L

4.69 (0.51)

4.84 (0.52)

4.94 (0.52)

5.06 (0.53)

< 0.001

TC, mmol/L

4.45 (0.79)

4.67 (0.84)

4.88 (0.88)

5.09 (0.91)

< 0.001

TG, mmol/L

0.68 (0.52–0.88)

0.93 (0.72–1.20)

1.27 (0.97–1.68)

1.90 (1.40–2.64)

< 0.001

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.50 (1.30–1.70)

1.39 (1.22–1.60)

1.31 (1.13–1.50)

1.22 (1.05–1.41)

< 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.45 (2.12–2.85)

2.64 (2.27–3.08)

2.81 (2.40–3.27)

2.89 (2.46–3.36)

< 0.001

ALT, U/L

13.00 (10.30–17.00)

15.90 (12.00–22.00)

20.00 (15.00–28.00)

27.50 (19.10–40.40)

< 0.001

AST, U/L

20.00 (17.00–23.00)

21.00 (18.00–25.00)

22.50 (19.00–27.00)

25.00 (21.00–30.80)

< 0.001

BUN, mmol/L

4.30 (3.60–5.10)

4.49 (3.77–5.30)

4.66 (3.95–5.48)

4.75 (4.04–5.55)

< 0.001

Cr, umol/L

60.70 (53.60–71.50)

66.40 (56.40–79.20)

73.00 (61.00–83.40)

76.20 (65.90–85.80)

< 0.001

TyG index

7.84 (0.38)

8.19 (0.39)

8.52 (0.42)

8.97 (0.50)

< 0.001

Family history of diabetes

571 (2.06%)

687 (2.48%)

583 (2.10%)

617 (2.23%)

0.004

Smoking status

< 0.001

 Non

691 (2.49%)

1131 (4.08%)

1719 (6.20%)

2575 (9.29%)

 Past

127 (0.46%)

234 (0.84%)

401 (1.45%)

474 (1.71%)

 Current

6078 (21.93%)

5962 (21.52%)

5899 (21.29%)

5628 (20.31%)

 Not recorded

20,814 (75.11%)

20,382 (73.56%)

19,690 (71.06%)

19,033 (68.69%)

Drinking status

< 0.001

 Non

63 (0.23%)

120 (0.43%)

225 (0.81%)

376 (1.36%)

 Past

623 (2.25%)

1058 (3.82%)

1540 (5.56%)

1993 (7.19%)

 Current

6210 (22.41%)

6149 (22.19%)

6254 (22.57%)

6308 (22.76%)

 Not recorded

20,814 (75.11%)

20,382 (73.56%)

19,690 (71.06%)

19,033 (68.69%)

Q1(96.68–166.56)

Q2(166.56–189.88)

Q3(189.88–216.05)

Q4(216.06–477.08)

No. of subjects

25,077

25,077

25,077

25,078

Age, years

35.00 (31.00–42.00)

39.00 (33.00–49.00)

43.00 (35.00–54.00)

44.00 (36.00–55.00)

< 0.001

Sex

< 0.001

 Men

6500 (25.92%)

10,892 (43.43%)

15,657 (62.44%)

19,081 (76.09%)

 Women

18,577 (74.08%)

14,185 (56.57%)

9420 (37.56%)

5997 (23.91%)

Height, cm

164.13 (7.46)

165.29 (8.24)

167.06 (8.49)

168.46 (8.30)

< 0.001

Weight, kg

52.50 (5.93)

59.99 (6.83)

67.00 (7.64)

77.05 (10.01)

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m²

19.45 (1.35)

21.90 (1.17)

23.94 (1.29)

27.08 (2.30)

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

110.30 (13.41)

115.25 (14.83)

120.60 (15.33)

126.16 (16.12)

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

69.05 (9.15)

71.61 (9.76)

75.19 (10.22)

79.16 (11.06)

< 0.001

FPG, mmol/L

4.65 (0.48)

4.76 (0.47)

4.83 (0.46)

4.91 (0.44)

< 0.001

TC, mmol/L

4.44 (0.79)

4.65 (0.83)

4.85 (0.87)

5.06 (0.91)

< 0.001

TG, mmol/L

0.67 (0.52–0.86)

0.90 (0.70–1.18)

1.23 (0.95–1.62)

1.87 (1.37–2.57)

< 0.001

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.50 (1.30–1.70)

1.40 (1.23–1.60)

1.31 (1.14–1.50)

1.22 (1.05–1.41)

< 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.44 (2.11–2.84)

2.63 (2.26–3.05)

2.79 (2.37–3.24)

2.87 (2.45–3.34)

< 0.001

ALT, U/L

13.00 (10.30–17.00)

15.40 (11.90–21.30)

19.60 (14.50–27.80)

27.00 (19.00–40.00)

< 0.001

AST, U/L

20.00 (17.00–23.00)

21.00 (18.00–24.60)

22.00 (19.00–26.60)

24.90 (20.90–30.20)

< 0.001

BUN, mmol/L

4.28 (3.60–5.08)

4.45 (3.74–5.23)

4.61 (3.91–5.42)

4.71 (4.01–5.50)

< 0.001

Cr, ummol/L

60.50 (53.40–71.00)

65.90 (56.00–78.80)

72.70 (60.80–83.00)

76.20 (65.90–85.60)

< 0.001

TyG index

7.82 (0.38)

8.15 (0.38)

8.47 (0.41)

8.91 (0.50)

< 0.001

Family history of diabetes

513 (2.05%)

607 (2.42%)

530 (2.11%)

558 (2.23%)

0.025

Smoking status

< 0.001

 Non

614 (2.45%)

985 (3.93%)

1486 (5.93%)

2264 (9.03%)

 Past

110 (0.44%)

198 (0.79%)

349 (1.39%)

433 (1.73%)

Current

5441 (21.70%)

5372 (21.42%)

5301 (21.14%)

5085 (20.28%)

 Not recorded

18,912 (75.42%)

18,522 (73.86%)

17,941 (71.54%)

17,296 (68.97%)

Drinking status

< 0.001

 Non

56 (0.22%)

100 (0.40%)

177 (0.71%)

306 (1.22%)

 Past

530 (2.11%)

928 (3.70%)

1323 (5.28%)

1767 (7.05%)

Current

5579 (22.25%)

5527 (22.04%)

5636 (22.47%)

5709 (22.76%)

 Not recorded

18,912 (75.42%)

18,522 (73.86%)

17,941 (71.54%)

17,296 (68.97%)