Factor | Derivation | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Notch | osteoblasts osteocytes | Bidirectional bone formation and absorption | |
TNF-α IL-1β IL-6 | Dendritic cell Macrophage | Increases bone absorption | [11] |
RANKL | osteoblasts osteocytes Dendritic cell Adipocyte Fibroblast | Osteoclast differentiation and development Essential for bone absorption | [12] |
OPG | osteoblasts osteocytes | RANKL inhibition Bone protection | [10] |
PPAR-γ | Adipocyte | Inhibits bone formation Increases bone absorption | [18] |
Leptin | Adipocyte | Increased osteoblast differentiation of MSCs Promotes bone formation Inhibits adipocyte accumulation | [20] |
Adiponectin | Adipocyte | Increases bone formation Inhibits adipocyte accumulation | [20] |