Table 2 Main Characteristic of subjects completing trial at baseline

Age (years)

62.45 ± 8.58

62.29 ± 7.55

63.84 ± 9.67

61.19 ± 8.38

0.308 ^a

Sex (male/female, n)

57/93

17/35

20/30

20/28

0.612 ^b

Diabetes duration (years)

7 (3, 11)

8 (4, 11)

7 (3, 13)

8 (3, 10)

0.890 ^c

Diabetes treatment

0.599 ^b

• Oral hypoglycemic agents (n)

83

27

32

24

• Insulin injection (n)

22

8

4

10

• Two items above (n)

38

15

11

12

• Diet controlled (n)

7

2

3

2

Smoking habits (male/female, n)

0.295 ^b

• Never

25/91

8/34

7/30

10/27

• Previous

3/2

2/1

0/0

1/1

• Current

29/0

7/0

13/0

9/0

• Never

113

37

39

37

0.280 ^b

• Alcohol less than once per week

4

1

3

0

• Alcohol once a week or more

33

14

8

11

Weight (cm)

67.90 ± 10.26

66.34 ± 9.59

69.27 ± 10.58

68.13 ± 10.61

0.353 ^a

Height (cm)

159.72 ± 8.61

158.40 ± 8.40

160.14 ± 8.33

160.69 ± 9.11

0.384 ^a

Body mass index (kg/m²)

26.58 ± 3.23

26.38 ± 2.68

26.99 ± 3.44

26.38 ± 3.56

0.560 ^a

Overweight n(%)

101 (67.3%)

17 (32.7%)

14 (28%)

18 (37.5%)

0.605 ^b

Waist circumference (n)

91.63 ± 8.05

90.18 ± 7.27

91.48 ± 8.50

93.26 ± 8.21

0.155 ^a

Hip circumference (n)

100.42 ± 5.90

100.18 ± 5.34

101.54 ± 6.57

99.50 ± 5.67

0.218 ^a

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.91 ± 0.05

0.90 ± 0.05

0.92 ± 0.06

0.92 ± 0.06

0.138 ^a

ALT (U/L)

24.36 ± 11.46

24.66 ± 13.26

24.23 ± 10.73

24.17 ± 10.27

0.973 ^a

AST (U/L)

22.22 ± 8.96

22.40 ± 9.87

22.13 ± 5.71

22.11 ± 10.72

0.984 ^a

Creatinine (umol/L)

61.83 ± 13.08

62.51 ± 14.67

60.20 ± 12.19

62.81 ± 12.23

0.559 ^a

Uric acid (umol/L)

329.64 ± 83.85

313.94 ± 85.88

342.27 ± 88.09

333.50 ± 75.75

0.218 ^a

Urea nitrogen (mmol/L)

6.19 ± 1.54

6.13 ± 1.33

6.40 ± 1.73

6.05 ± 1.54

0.482 ^a

Total protein (g/L)

77.35 ± 3.52

77.50 ± 3.35

77.56 ± 3.21

76.97 ± 4.02

0.663 ^a

Albumin (g/L)

46.91 ± 2.27

46.80 ± 2.18

47.09 ± 2.37

46.83 ± 2.30

0.784 ^a

Globulin (g/L)

30.45 ± 3.46

30.70 ± 3.48

30.47 ± 3.18

30.14 ± 3.75

0.782 ^a