Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics of participants according to sex

Age (years)

59 (51–66)

57 (50–64)

58 (50–65)

<  0.001

  ≤ 6 education years

891 (6.22)

4010 (19.61)

4871 (14.20)

<  0.001

 7 ~ 12 education years

11,658 (84.21)

14,656 (71.67)

26,314 (76.73)

  ≥ 13 education years

1325 (9.57)

1784 (8.72)

3109 (9.07)

 No

6897 (49.82)

7614 (37.23)

14,511 (42.31)

<  0.001

 Yes

6947 (50.18)

12,836 (62.77)

19,783 (57.69)

 None-smoker

5852 (42.27)

20,390 (99.71)

26,242 (76.52)

<  0.001

  <  20

2203 (15.91)

38 (0.19)

2241 (6.53)

 20~

3143 (22.70)

17 (0.08)

3160 (9.21)

 40~

2646 (19.11)

5 (0.02)

2651 (7.73)

 Never

9373 (67.70)

20,299 (99.26)

29,672 (86.52)

<  0.001

 Former

346 (2.50)

13 (0.06)

359 (1.05)

 Current

4125 (29.80)

138 (0.67)

4263 (12.43)

 Low

6554 (47.34)

4039 (19.75)

10,593 (30.89)

<  0.001

 Moderate

6599 (47.67)

14,485 (70.83)

21,084 (61.48)

 High

691 (4.99)

1926 (9.42)

2617 (7.63)

 Diabetes

2027 (14.64)

2723 (13.32)

4750 (13.85)

<  0.001

 Hypertension

7596 (54.87)

10,015 (48.97)

17,611 (51.35)

<  0.001

 CKD

929 (6.71)

2660 (13.01)

3589 (10.47)

<  0.001

 HUA

2300 (16.61)

1794 (8.77)

4094 (11.94)

<  0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.71 ± 3.20

24.16 ± 3.42

24.38 ± 3.35

<  0.001

TC (mmol/L)

4.79 ± 0.91

5.04 ± 0.94

4.94 ± 0.94

<  0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.38 (0.99–2.03)

1.32 (0.97–1.85)

1.34 (0.98–1.92)

<  0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.30 ± 0.34

1.48 ± 0.35

1.41 ± 0.36

<  0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.70 ± 0.81

2.83 ± 0.84

2.78 ± 0.83

<  0.001

Non-HDL-C (mmol/L)

3.49 ± 0.93

3.55 ± 0.95

3.53 ± 0.95

<  0.001

TC/HDL-C ratio

3.92 ± 1.29

3.56 ± 1.08

3.71 ± 1.18

<  0.001

TG/HDL-C ratio

1.08 (0.70–1.82)

0.89 (0.60–1.40)

0.96 (0.63–1.55)

<  0.001

LDL-C/HDL-C ratio

2.20 ± 0.84

2.00 ± 0.74

2.08 ± 0.79

<  0.001