Table 2 Characteristics of the cohort studies

Cardoso, R. 2020

[36]

Brazil / ELSA-Brasil

healthy adults /

5.1 ± 0.9 years

2707 (43%)

48.6 ± 7.7

OR for HDL-C (per 1 SD increase) and CAC incident and progression:

0.83 (0.72, 0.96), 0.01

0.89 (0.74, 1.06), 0.19

age, sex, race

8

Chandra, A. 2015

[37]

USA / Dallas Heart Study

healthy adults /

9.3 years

1977 (49%)

44

standardized β for HDL-C (mg/dl) and CAC:

P value = 0.13

age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, BMI, non-HDL, log-Tg, menopause status, and alcohol

8

Diederichsen, S. Z. 2017

[38]

Denmark

healthy adults /

5 years

1006 (47%)

55.39 ± 5.01

IRR for HDL-C (mmol/L) and CAC incident and progression:

0.84 (0.46, 1.54), 0.60

0.94 (0.60, 1.48), 0.80

age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and baseline CAC score where applicable

8

El Khoudary, S. 2021

[39]

USA / SWAN

midlife women / before and after menopause

241 (0%)

51.1 ± 2.9

OR for HDL-C (1 mg/dL)

and CAC > 0 and CAC density:

0.78 (0.51, 1.19), 0.60)

-1.48 (-10.76, 8.88), 0.77

study site, race/ethnicity, time-varying age, menopausal stage, BMI, physical activity, alcohol use, log-Tg, LDL-C, C3, log-E2, cycle day of blood draw, and total HDL-P for HDL-C and ApoA-I models or HDL-C for HDL subclasses, content, and function measures

7

Erbel, R. 2013

[40]

Germany / Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study

healthy adults / 5 years

3956 (48%)

59.3 ± 7.7

OR for HDL-C (1 mg/dL)

and CAC progression (men and women):

0.93 (0.7, 1.29)

1.00 (0.78, 1.20)

age and cardiovascular risk factors

9

Gao,T. 2022

[41]

USA / CARDIA

healthy adults / 20 years

957 (48.8%)

45.4 ± 3.5

OR for HDL-C (1 mg/dL)

and CAC progression:

0.83 (0.647, 1.065), 0.143

center, sex, race, education, alcohol drinking, and physical activity

9

Kuller, L. H. 1999

[42]

USA / Healthy Women Study

midlife women / before and after menopause (11 years)

21 (0%)

48–59

OR for HDL-C (mg/dl) and CAC ≥ 101:

0.53 (0.03, 0.93)

LDL-C, systolic blood pressure, smoking, waist circumference, BMI, Tg, glucose

7

Mahoney, L. T. 1996

[43]

USA / Muscatine Study

healthy adults / 6 years

384 (51%)

29–37

OR for HDL-C (mg/dl) and CAC:

5.5 (2, 15.2), < 0.001

age and sex

8

Pletcher, M. J. 2010

[44]

USA / CARDIA

healthy adults / 20 years

1854 (46%)

45 ± 4

OR for HDL-C (mg/dl) and CAC:

2.8 (1.1, 6.8), 0.03

lipid exposure after age 35 and other coronary risk factors

9

Razavi, A.C. 2022 [48]

USA / MESA, CARDIA

healthy adults / 10 years

2139 (41.8%)

32–45

 h for HDL-C (1 mg/dL)

and CAC incidence:

1.07 (0.96, 1.19)

age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, income, smoking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, FBS, BMI, blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering, and glucose-lowering medications

9

Razavi, A.C. 2022 [48]

USA / MESA, CARDIA

healthy adults / 10 years

2154 (38.3%)

46–64

 h for HDL-C (1 mg/dL)

and CAC incidence:

1.23 (1.12, 1.34)

age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, income, smoking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, FBS, BMI, blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering, and glucose-lowering medications

9

Razavi, A.C. 2022 [48]

USA / MESA, CARDIA

healthy adults / 10 years

815 (33.1%)

65–84

 h for HDL-C (1 mg/dL)

and CAC incidence:

1.10 (0.97, 1.25)

age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, income, smoking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, FBS, BMI, blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering, and glucose-lowering medications

9

Shen, Y. W. 2020

[45]

China

healthy adults / 5.71 ± 2.68 years

459 (67.8%)

51.42 ± 8.44

 h for HDL-C (1 mg/dL)

and CAC progression:

0.976 (0.953, 0.999), 0.043

age, sex, LDL-C, total cholesterol, TG, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking, Framingham risk score

9

Wong, N. D. 2004

[46]

USA / National Cholesterol Education Program

healthy adults ≥ 45 years old with multiple cardiac risk factors yielding a ≥ 10% 8-year risk of developing coronary heart disease / 7.0 ± 0.5 years (85 ± 4.5 months)

761 (91%)

64.5 ± 7.3

baseline and change in CAC in HDL-C (mg/dl) ≥ 60, HDL-C = 40 to 59 and HDL-C ≤ 40:

203 (-52, 2,828)

159 (-123, 3,872)

151 (0–2, 213)

P value = 0.03

age, sex, race, diabetes, current smoking status; use of hypertensive medication, use of cholesterol-lowering medication, blood pressure, average levels of baseline and follow-up LDL-C, and average level of Tg.

8

Zeb, I. 2021

[10]

USA / MESA

healthy adults / 6.5 ± 3.5 years

6011 (47.6%)

61.8 ± 10.1

RR for HDL-C (10 mg/dl) and CAC incident (n = 3115):

0.92 (0.89, 0.96), < 0.001

Robust Regression model for HDL-C and annual CAC progression (n = 2896):

-0.92 (-1.74, -0.1), < 0.027

follow-up time, age, sex, and race

8