Table 1 Patient characteristics at enrollment in CKDopps, by country and CKD stage
Brazil | France | Germany | US | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CKD Stage | CKD Stage | CKD Stage | CKD Stage | |||||
Characteristics | 3 (n = 278) | 4/5 (n = 634) | 3 (n = 1606) | 4/5 (n = 1363) | 3 (n = 678) | 4/5 (n = 2083) | 3 (n = 445) | 4/5 (n = 1107) |
Demographics | ||||||||
Age, y | 66 ± 15 | 65 ± 15 | 66 ± 12 | 68 ± 14 | 71 ± 12 | 73 ± 12 | 69 ± 12 | 68 ± 13 |
< 50 | 14% | 14% | 11% | 11% | 6% | 5% | 8% | 9% |
≥ 50 | 86% | 86% | 89% | 89% | 94% | 95% | 92% | 91% |
Female | 41% | 50% | 33% | 37% | 37% | 45% | 45% | 50% |
Black race | 33% | 25% | 3% | 2% | - | - | 23% | 20% |
Current smoker | 8% | 6% | 12% | 12% | - | - | 7% | 10% |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27 ± 5 | 28 ± 6 | 29 ± 6 | 29 ± 6 | 29 ± 5 | 29 ± 6 | 31 ± 7 | 31 ± 7 |
Lipid measurements | ||||||||
Has baseline total cholesterolc | 53% | 48% | 87% | 85% | 36% | 38% | 27% | 22% |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 179 ± 42 | 174 ± 46 | 186 ± 46 | 184 ± 47 | 197 ± 45 | 194 ± 47 | 165 ± 39 | 172 ± 47 |
< 200 | 72% | 72% | 63% | 67% | 56% | 57% | 81% | 75% |
200–239 | 18% | 18% | 25% | 20% | 26% | 25% | 14% | 14% |
≥ 240 | 10% | 10% | 13% | 13% | 18% | 18% | 5% | 11% |
Has baseline LDL-Cc | 40% | 33% | 83% | 80% | 27% | 28% | 27% | 22% |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 97 ± 31 | 93 ± 33 | 103 ± 37 | 100 ± 37 | 120 ± 36 | 117 ± 38 | 90 ± 32 | 89 ± 34 |
< 70 | 18% | 28% | 21% | 23% | 7% | 11% | 28% | 31% |
70–99 | 40% | 31% | 29% | 31% | 28% | 24% | 36% | 34% |
100–129 | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 23% | 28% | 26% | 22% |
130–189 | 17% | 16% | 24% | 20% | 38% | 34% | 9% | 13% |
≥ 190 | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 3% | 1% | 0% |
Has baseline HDL-Cc | 46% | 39% | 80% | 80% | 24% | 27% | 27% | 22% |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 46 ± 12 | 43 ± 12 | 48 ± 13 | 47 ± 13 | 49 ± 12 | 47 ± 12 | 44 ± 12 | 44 ± 13 |
< 40/50a | 44% | 59% | 36% | 41% | 37% | 41% | 48% | 58% |
40/50a-59 | 42% | 31% | 46% | 40% | 43% | 42% | 43% | 29% |
≥ 60 | 14% | 10% | 18% | 19% | 19% | 17% | 9% | 13% |
Has baseline triglyceridesc | 52% | 43% | 85% | 84% | 33% | 36% | 26% | 21% |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 160 ± 86 | 166 ± 90 | 157 ± 89 | 168 ± 92 | 179 ± 86 | 183 ± 97 | 158 ± 88 | 179 ± 90 |
< 150 | 55% | 53% | 58% | 55% | 44% | 46% | 61% | 43% |
150–199 | 21% | 19% | 18% | 19% | 26% | 21% | 12% | 24% |
200–499 | 24% | 27% | 22% | 25% | 30% | 31% | 26% | 33% |
≥ 500 | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 0% |
Other labs | ||||||||
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 1.3 |
Albumin, g/dL | - | - | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.5 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.2 ± 1.8 | 11.6 ± 1.8 | 13.4 ± 1.6 | 12.5 ± 1.6 | 13.1 ± 1.7 | 12.1 ± 1.6 | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 11.6 ± 1.8 |
Dyslipidemia prescriptions, % | ||||||||
Statin | 58% | 58% | 58% | 60% | 55% | 49% | 60% | 61% |
Ezetimibe | 1% | 0% | 8% | 9% | 4% | 4% | 3% | 2% |
Fibrate | 5% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 2% | 1% | 5% | 5% |
Niacin | 0% | 0% | - | - | 0% | 0% | 2% | 1% |
Omega-3 fatty acid | 0% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 17% | 12% |
Bile acid sequestrant | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 0% |
PCSK9 inhibitor | 0% | 0% | - | - | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Any of the above | 59% | 60% | 62% | 64% | 57% | 52% | 68% | 66% |
Comorbidity history, % | ||||||||
CVD | 44% | 48% | 43% | 46% | 50% | 54% | 49% | 53% |
ASCVD | 26% | 29% | 31% | 37% | 35% | 35% | 34% | 36% |
Myocardial infarction | 7% | 8% | 12% | 15% | 8% | 8% | 7% | 9% |
Angina | 10% | 13% | 6% | 8% | 2% | 2% | 7% | 7% |
Ischemic stroke | 9% | 7% | 6% | 8% | 8% | 8% | 5% | 7% |
Transient ischemic attack | 2% | 2% | 3% | 4% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 4% |
Carotid endarterectomy or stenting | 0% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 0% | 0% | 3% | 3% |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 5% | 8% | 13% | 16% | 3% | 2% | 9% | 10% |
Other CVD | 34% | 40% | 31% | 35% | 36% | 42% | 38% | 40% |
Peripheral artery disease | 20% | 24% | 15% | 17% | 17% | 19% | 16% | 15% |
Diabetes | 44% | 48% | 42% | 44% | 47% | 49% | 54% | 58% |
Hypertension | 94% | 97% | 90% | 92% | 97% | 98% | 96% | 96% |
High CV riskb, % high (vs not) | 56% | 56% | 54% | 56% | 63% | 63% | 65% | 70% |