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Fig. 6 | Lipids in Health and Disease

Fig. 6

From: GRP78/BiP alleviates oxLDL-induced hepatotoxicity in familial hypercholesterolemia caused by missense variants of LDLR in a HepG2 cellular model

Fig. 6

A graphical abstract summarizing the study model and major findings. The thin black arrows and red lightning symbols represent ER stress-caused by ER retention of LDLR, and oxLDL induced stress- caused by oxidation of excess levels of LDL. The brown, maroon and blue colored arrows represent ER stress dissipated along the ATF6, PERK and IRE1A branches, respectively. The pacman symbol denotes S1P/S2P protease in the Golgi Complex. The red inhibitory arrows denote the proteins that inhibit/are inhibited during the process. The scissors symbolize splicing of XBP-1 transcripts. The blue dots and red arrows in the mitochondria denote release of cytochrome C caused by disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential. Purple arrows-direction of LDH release from cells due to cytotoxicity. The continuous low-medium dial denotes restored cellular responses brought about by neon transfection of GRP78/BiP plasmid along (A) ER, (B) mitochondria and (C) plasma membrane. The downward arrows denote lowering of target proteins evaluated

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Lipids in Health and Disease

ISSN: 1476-511X