Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study

Table 3 Effects of egg yolk choline on ⊿ Cognitrax Score in subjects

	group	n	⊿ 6 weeks				⊿ 12 weeks
	group	n	Mean	±	SE	P-value	Mean	±	SE	P-value
Composite Memory	Placebo	21	− 0.90	±	1.59	0.569	− 0.38	±	1.27	0.470
Composite Memory	Choline	20	0.40	±	1.61	0.569	1.10	±	1.59	0.470
Verbal Memory	Placebo	21	− 0.33	±	0.57	0.003^**	0.33	±	0.73	0.043^*
Verbal Memory	Choline	20	3.35	±	1.00	0.003^**	2.75	±	0.90	0.043^*
Visual Memory	Placebo	21	− 0.57	±	1.30	0.213	− 0.71	±	1.07	0.550
Visual Memory	Choline	20	− 2.95	±	1.36	0.213	− 1.65	±	1.13	0.550
Psychomotor speed	Placebo	21	3.81	±	1.69	0.711	4.43	±	1.95	0.834
Psychomotor speed	Choline	20	2.75	±	2.31	0.711	3.80	±	2.27	0.834
Reaction Time	Placebo	21	2.76	±	10.7	0.941	0.62	±	10.7	0.418
Reaction Time	Choline	20	1.30	±	16.6	0.941	− 13.15	±	13.1	0.418
Complex Attention	Placebo	21	− 0.81	±	0.68	0.894	− 1.14	±	0.84	0.995
Complex Attention	Choline	20	− 0.95	±	0.81	0.894	− 1.15	±	0.67	0.995
Cognitive Flexibility	Placebo	21	2.14	±	1.47	0.317	3.76	±	1.92	0.458
Cognitive Flexibility	Choline	20	4.30	±	1.54	0.317	5.60	±	1.51	0.458
Processing Speed	Placebo	21	2.86	±	1.53	0.045^*	2.43	±	1.60	0.414
Processing Speed	Choline	20	− 1.40	±	1.37	0.045^*	0.85	±	1.01	0.414
Exclusive Function	Placebo	21	1.57	±	1.58	0.175	3.57	±	1.82	0.325
Exclusive Function	Choline	20	4.60	±	1.51	0.175	5.95	±	1.53	0.325
Simple Attention	Placebo	21	− 0.10	±	0.14	0.296	0.00	±	0.14	0.684
Simple Attention	Choline	20	0.20	±	0.25	0.296	0.10	±	0.20	0.684
Motor Speed	Placebo	21	0.90	±	1.32	0.178	2.24	±	1.21	0.734
Motor Speed	Choline	20	3.95	±	1.81	0.178	3.05	±	2.07	0.734

Mean ± SE of 20 or 21 subjects. The P-values are from the Student’s t-test, comparing values between the placebo and choline groups
^*P < 0.05
^**P < 0.01

ISSN: 1476-511X