Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study

Yamashita, Soyogu; Kawada, Naoki; Wang, Wei; Susaki, Kenta; Takeda, Yumi; Kimura, Mamoru; Iwama, Yoshitaka; Miura, Yutaka; Sugano, Michihiro; Matsuoka, Ryosuke

doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01844-w

Lipids in Health and Disease

Table 4 Effects of egg yolk choline on ⊿ Cognitrax test score in subjects

From: Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study

		group	n	⊿ 6 weeks				⊿ 12 weeks
		group	n	Mean	±	SE	P-value	Mean	±	SE	P-value
Verbal Memory Test (VBM)	Correct Hits (immediate)	Placebo	21	− 0.14	±	0.43	0.213	0.24	±	0.37	0.736
	Correct Hits (immediate)	Choline	20	0.55	±	0.34	0.213	0.40	±	0.30	0.736
	Correct Passes (immediate)	Placebo	21	− 0.05	±	0.16	0.221	0.00	±	0.17	0.241
	Correct Passes (immediate)	Choline	20	0.30	±	0.23	0.221	0.35	±	0.24	0.241
	Correct Hits (delay)	Placebo	21	− 0.10	±	0.37	0.015^*	− 0.24	±	0.54	0.046^*
	Correct Hits (delay)	Choline	20	1.95	±	0.72	0.015^*	1.60	±	0.72	0.046^*
	Correct Passes (delay)	Placebo	21	− 0.05	±	0.26	0.131	0.33	±	0.16	0.801
	Correct Passes (delay)	Choline	20	0.55	±	0.29	0.131	0.40	±	0.21	0.801
Visual Memory Test (VIM)	Correct Hits (immediate)	Placebo	21	− 0.48	±	0.55	0.707	− 0.10	±	0.44	0.22
	Correct Hits (immediate)	Choline	20	− 0.75	±	0.46	0.707	− 0.85	±	0.42	0.22
	Correct Passes (immediate)	Placebo	21	− 0.24	±	0.62	0.423	0.14	±	0.49	0.478
	Correct Passes (immediate)	Choline	20	− 0.85	±	0.42	0.423	− 0.35	±	0.48	0.478
	Correct Hits (delay)	Placebo	21	0.00	±	0.48	0.349	− 0.43	±	0.45	0.803
	Correct Hits (delay)	Choline	20	− 0.75	±	0.64	0.349	− 0.25	±	0.56	0.803
	Correct Passes (delay)	Placebo	21	0.14	±	0.49	0.378	− 0.33	±	0.58	0.868
	Correct Passes (delay)	Choline	20	− 0.60	±	0.68	0.378	− 0.20	±	0.55	0.868
Finger Tapping Test (FTT)	Right Tap Average	Placebo	21	0.90	±	1.04	0.275	1.76	±	0.87	0.838
	Right Tap Average	Choline	20	2.55	±	1.06	0.275	2.05	±	1.11	0.838
	Left Tap Average	Placebo	21	0.00	±	0.48	0.144	0.48	±	0.54	0.664
	Left Tap Average	Choline	20	1.40	±	0.82	0.144	1.00	±	1.06	0.664
Symbol Digit Coding Test (SDC)	Correct Responses	Placebo	21	2.90	±	1.21	0.021^*	2.19	±	1.33	0.382
	Correct Responses	Choline	20	− 1.20	±	1.19	0.021^*	0.75	±	0.91	0.382
	Errors	Placebo	21	0.05	±	0.38	0.762	− 0.24	±	0.38	0.772
	Errors	Choline	20	0.20	±	0.32	0.762	− 0.10	±	0.27	0.772
Stroop Test (ST)	Simple reaction time	Placebo	21	− 0.95	±	8.76	0.549	− 5.81	±	6.10	0.880
	Simple reaction time	Choline	20	− 16.0	±	23.15	0.549	− 9.40	±	22.74	0.880
	Complex Reaction Time	Placebo	21	0.38	±	11.46	0.606	− 1.67	±	13.46	0.481
	Complex Reaction Time	Choline	20	12.1	±	19.3	0.606	− 14.6	±	12.2	0.481
	Stroop Reaction Time	Placebo	21	5.38	±	14.51	0.509	3.14	±	13.18	0.524
	Stroop Reaction Time	Choline	20	− 9.80	±	17.66	0.509	− 11.55	±	18.93	0.524
	Stroop Commission Errors	Placebo	21	− 0.57	±	0.36	0.058	− 0.19	±	0.26	0.103
	Stroop Commission Errors	Choline	20	0.30	±	0.25	0.058	0.35	±	0.20	0.103
Shifting Attention Test (SAT)	Correct Responses	Placebo	21	1.24	±	0.94	0.104	2.62	±	1.15	0.222
	Correct Responses	Choline	20	3.55	±	1.03	0.104	4.55	±	1.05	0.222
	Errors	Placebo	21	− 0.33	±	0.74	0.465	− 0.95	±	0.75	0.645
	Errors	Choline	20	− 1.05	±	0.62	0.465	− 1.40	±	0.60	0.645
	Correct Responses Time	Placebo	21	− 26.67	±	21.16	0.323	− 40.19	±	23.1	0.123
	Correct Responses Time	Choline	20	− 59.65	±	25.44	0.323	− 90.90	±	22.28	0.123
Continuous Performance Test (CPT)	Correct Responses	Placebo	21	− 0.10	±	0.07	0.259	− 0.05	±	0.05	0.427
	Correct Responses	Choline	20	0.10	±	0.16	0.259	0.05	±	0.11	0.427
	Commission Errors	Placebo	21	0.10	±	0.07	0.259	0.05	±	0.05	0.427
	Commission Errors	Choline	20	− 0.10	±	0.16	0.259	− 0.05	±	0.11	0.427
	Errors	Placebo	21	0.00	±	0.10	0.527	− 0.05	±	0.13	0.990
	Errors	Choline	20	− 0.10	±	0.12	0.527	− 0.05	±	0.14	0.990
	choice reaction time	Placebo	21	8.19	±	5.34	0.857	− 2.57	±	5.25	0.675
	choice reaction time	Choline	20	6.60	±	7.00	0.857	1.60	±	8.48	0.675

Mean ± SE of 20 or 21 subjects
^*statistical significance by Student’s t-test for between-group at P < 0.05

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