Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study

Yamashita, Soyogu; Kawada, Naoki; Wang, Wei; Susaki, Kenta; Takeda, Yumi; Kimura, Mamoru; Iwama, Yoshitaka; Miura, Yutaka; Sugano, Michihiro; Matsuoka, Ryosuke

doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01844-w

Lipids in Health and Disease

Table 8 Blood and urine analyses parameter

From: Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study

		Group	0 week					12-week
		Group	n	Mean	±	SE		n	Mean	±	SE
Hematological Tests	WBC (/μL)	Placebo	30	5197	±	195		30	5137	±	221
	WBC (/μL)	Choline	30	5187	±	186		30	4917	±	185
	RBC (× 10⁴/μL)	Placebo	30	457	±	7		30	456	±	7
	RBC (× 10⁴/μL)	Choline	30	458	±	8		30	464	±	8
	Hemoglobin (g/dL)	Placebo	30	14.2	±	0.2		30	14.3	±	0.2
	Hemoglobin (g/dL)	Choline	30	14.1	±	0.3		30	14.3	±	0.2
	Hematocrit (%)	Placebo	30	43.9	±	0.6		30	44.6	±	0.6
	Hematocrit (%)	Choline	30	43.6	±	0.7		30	45.0	±	0.7
	Platelet Count (× 10⁴/μL)	Placebo	30	23.2	±	1.0		30	23.6	±	0.8
	Platelet Count (× 10⁴/μL)	Choline	30	24.8	±	1.0		30	26.2	±	1.0
	MCV (fL)	Placebo	30	96.2	±	0.8		30	98.0	±	0.7
	MCV (fL)	Choline	30	95.4	±	0.7		30	97.2	±	0.8
	MCH (pg)	Placebo	30	31.1	±	0.3		30	31.4	±	0.3
	MCH (pg)	Choline	30	30.7	±	0.3		30	30.8	±	0.2
	MCHC (%)	Placebo	30	32.3	±	0.2		30	32.0	±	0.2
	MCHC (%)	Choline	30	32.2	±	0.1		30	31.7	±	0.1
	NEUT (%)	Placebo	30	54.9	±	1.4	^*	30	56.3	±	1.5
	NEUT (%)	Choline	30	59.4	±	1.4	^*	30	58.5	±	1.2
	LYMPH (%)	Placebo	30	36.2	±	1.4	^*	30	34.8	±	1.3
	LYMPH (%)	Choline	30	31.8	±	1.2	^*	30	32.5	±	1.0
	MONO (%)	Placebo	30	5.61	±	0.14		30	5.76	±	0.19
	MONO (%)	Choline	30	5.51	±	0.25		30	5.59	±	0.28
	EOSINO (%)	Placebo	30	2.55	±	0.33		30	2.43	±	0.38
	EOSINO (%)	Choline	30	2.61	±	0.32		30	2.71	±	0.28
	BASO (%)	Placebo	30	0.770	±	0.078		30	0.730	±	0.059
	BASO (%)	Choline	30	0.693	±	0.057		30	0.733	±	0.056
Blood Biochemistry Tests	AST(GOT) (U/L)	Placebo	30	22.1	±	0.81		30	25.1	±	1.51
	AST(GOT) (U/L)	Choline	30	21.8	±	0.78		30	23.6	±	1.00
	ALT(GPT) (U/L)	Placebo	30	19.6	±	1.37		30	20.3	±	1.38
	ALT(GPT) (U/L)	Choline	30	17.6	±	1.33		30	18.3	±	1.48
	LD(LDH) (U/L)	Placebo	30	202	±	4		30	205	±	5
	LD(LDH) (U/L)	Choline	30	193	±	4		30	204	±	5
	Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	0.913	±	0.052		30	0.877	±	0.044
	Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)	Choline	30	0.890	±	0.041		30	0.847	±	0.046
	ALP (U/L)	Placebo	30	69.7	±	3.1		30	71.0	±	3.1
	ALP (U/L)	Choline	30	76.3	±	4.7		30	77.1	±	4.2
	γ-GT (γ-GTP) (U/L)	Placebo	30	27.8	±	2.9		30	26.6	±	2.5
	γ-GT (γ-GTP) (U/L)	Choline	30	24.6	±	2.9		30	25.0	±	3.4
	Glucose (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	91.7	±	1.8		30	89.5	±	1.4
	Glucose (mg/dL)	Choline	30	89.0	±	1.7		30	89.8	±	1.9
	HbA1c (%)	Placebo	30	5.49	±	0.05		30	5.46	±	0.06
	HbA1c (%)	Choline	30	5.51	±	0.04		30	5.48	±	0.05
	Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	225	±	6		30	228	±	6
	Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Choline	30	222	±	6		30	230	±	6
	LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	132	±	5		30	133	±	5
	LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Choline	30	130	±	6		30	133	±	5
	HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	71.9	±	4.1		30	78.5	±	4.3
	HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Choline	30	69.5	±	3.4		30	77.4	±	4.1
	Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	107	±	15		30	85.4	±	10.0
	Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Choline	30	104	±	12		30	102	±	14
	Phospholipid (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	242	±	6		30	243	±	6
	Phospholipid (mg/dL)	Choline	30	241	±	5		30	248	±	6
	Total Protein (g/dL)	Placebo	30	7.35	±	0.07		30	7.25	±	0.08
	Total Protein (g/dL)	Choline	30	7.23	±	0.07		30	7.22	±	0.07
	Albumin (g/dL)	Placebo	30	4.39	±	0.04		30	4.40	±	0.04
	Albumin (g/dL)	Choline	30	4.35	±	0.05		30	4.39	±	0.04
	BUN (UN) (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	15.8	±	0.57		30	16.2	±	0.76
	BUN (UN) (mg/dL)	Choline	30	15.1	±	0.70		30	16.1	±	0.65
	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	0.847	±	0.027		30	0.834	±	0.028
	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Choline	30	0.791	±	0.025		30	0.781	±	0.026
	Uric Acid (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	5.48	±	0.21		30	5.42	±	0.20
	Uric Acid (mg/dL)	Choline	30	5.55	±	0.24		30	5.42	±	0.23
	Na (mEq/L)	Placebo	30	141	±	0		30	140	±	0
	Na (mEq/L)	Choline	30	141	±	0		30	141	±	0
	Cl (mEq/L)	Placebo	30	103	±	0		30	103	±	0
	Cl (mEq/L)	Choline	30	104	±	0		30	103	±	0
	K (mEq/L)	Placebo	30	4.25	±	0.06		30	4.18	±	0.05
	K (mEq/L)	Choline	30	4.21	±	0.05		30	4.27	±	0.05
	Ca (mg/dL)	Placebo	30	9.47	±	0.06		30	9.32	±	0.04
	Ca (mg/dL)	Choline	30	9.48	±	0.05		30	9.40	±	0.05
Urinalysis	Acidity (pH)	Placebo	30	6.30	±	0.14		30	6.27	±	0.13
	Acidity (pH)	Choline	30	6.10	±	0.12		30	6.15	±	0.14
	Specific Gravity	Placebo	30	1.01	±	0.00		30	1.02	±	0.00
	Specific Gravity	Choline	30	1.02	±	0.00		30	1.02	±	0.00

Mean ± SE of 30 subject
^*statistical significance by Student’s t-test for between-group at P < 0.05
^†statistical significance by Paired t-test for within-group at P < 0.05

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