Table 1 Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the studied groups

Age (years)

48.5 ± 6.3

52 ± 6.7

49.4 ± 7.5

Sex (male/female)

7/10

6/11

8/10

BMI (kg/m2)

25.3 ± 3.2

28.6 ± 4.2

27.6 ± 4.6

Smoking (%)

3 (17.7)

3 (17.7)

2 (11.1)

Hemoglobin A1C (%)

5.47 (5.2–5.6)

5.82 (5.7–5.9) *

6.6 (6.5–7.2) *†

Fasting Glucose (mmol/L)

4.86 (4.7–5.3)

5.61 (5.3–5.8) *

6.94 (5.9–8.2) *†

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.91 ± 1.03

5.43 ± 1.4

4.56 ± 1.1

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.05 (2.6–3.6)

3.54 (2.9-4.0)

2.66 (2.3–3.2)

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.28 ± 0.34

1.19 ± 0.31

1.01 ± 0.34

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.27 (0.89–1.62)

1.69 (1.23-2.0)

1.74 (1.4–2.07) *

ApoA1 (g/L)

1.44 ± 0.22

1.39 ± 0.21

1.33 ± 0.26

ApoB-100 (g/L)

1.08 ± 0.29

1.24 ± 0.35

1.1 ± 0.26

AST (IU/L)

20 (17–25)

21 (17–23)

22 (17–25)

ALT (IU/L)

22 (15–39)

20 (16–26)

25 (20–35)

GFR (mL*min/1.73m²)

100 (85–104)

99 (93–102)

103 (84–109)