Table 2 Markers of adipose tissue dysfunction, glucose, and inflammation in the studied groups

AT dysfunction markers

ATIR

4.12 ± 2.5

5.96 ± 2.8

7.85 ± 4.6 *

ATIR/adiponectin

0.52 (0.12–0.7)

0.74 (0.3–1.22)

1.1 (0.55–1.9) *

Adiponectin/leptin

4.22 (1.4–13.3)

2.8 (1.4–6.1)

2.4 (1.31-5)

Adiponectin (µg/mL)

8.48 (5.8–26)

8.99 (4.3–18)

7.0 (4.5–17)

Glucose and lipid metabolism markers

Insulin (µIU/mL)

5.97 (5.3–10.8)

9.97 (6.7–13) *

12 (8.1–18) *

HOMA-IR

1.28 (1.1–2.2)

2.5 (1.6–3.4) *

3.8 (2.8–6.2) *†

HOMA-IR/Adiponectin

0.15 (0.04–0.40)

0.32 (0.1–0.43)

0.70 (0.20–1.4) *

 C-Peptide (pg/mL)

607 ± 259

663 ± 241

790 ± 415

Leptin (ng/mL)

2.58 (0.8–6.1)

4.6 (3.0-6.1)

3.1 (0.92–4.3)

FFA (mmol/L)

0.56 ± 0.18

0.59 ± 0.14

0.61 ± 0.2

Inflammatory markers

Resistin (ng/mL)

3.8 ± 1.4

3.5 ± 0.7

3.6 ± 1.3

PAI-1 (ng/mL)

7.4 ± 2.6

7.1 ± 2.3

7.6 ± 2.1

hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.41 (0.8–2.2)

1.02 (0.7–1.6)

1.6 (0.92-5.0)