Table 1 Characteristics of participants in the development and validation datasets
Variables | Development dataset | Validation dataset | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n | MAFLD | Non-MAFLD | n | MAFLD | Non-MAFLD |
| Â | Â | n (%) | n (%) | Â | n (%) | n (%) |
Sex | ||||||
 Female | 42,634 | 9322 (21.87) | 33,312 (78.13) | 18,079 | 3898 (21.56) | 14,181 (78.44) |
 Male | 54,432 | 29,066 (53.40) | 25,366 (46.60) | 23,519 | 12,553 (53.37) | 10,966 (46.63) |
Age | ||||||
 18–29 | 13,567 | 2566 (18.91) | 11,001 (81.09) | 6026 | 1135 (18.84) | 4891 (81.16) |
 30–44 | 37,410 | 13,393 (35.80) | 24,017 (64.20) | 15,977 | 5781 (36.18) | 10,196 (63.82) |
 45–59 | 33,514 | 16,437 (49.05) | 17,077 (50.95) | 14,290 | 6993 (48.94) | 7297 (51.06) |
 60–79 | 12,575 | 5992 (47.65) | 6583 (52.35) | 5305 | 2542 (47.92) | 2763 (52.08) |
BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
 < 18.50 | 3570 | 9 (0.25) | 3561 (99.75) | 1524 | 5 (0.33) | 1519 (99.67) |
 18.50–22.99 | 34,361 | 1963 (5.71) | 32,398 (94.29) | 14,621 | 810 (5.54) | 13,811 (94.46) |
 23.00–24.99 | 23,187 | 9088 (39.19) | 14,099 (60.81) | 9834 | 3801 (38.65) | 6033 (61.35) |
 ≥ 25.00 | 35,948 | 27,328 (76.02) | 8620 (23.98) | 15,619 | 11,835 (75.77) | 3784 (24.23) |
aWC | ||||||
 Normal | 64,706 | 14,555 (22.49) | 50,151 (77.51) | 27,730 | 6246 (22.52) | 21,484 (77.48) |
 Abnormal | 32,360 | 23,833 (73.65) | 8527 (26.35) | 13,868 | 10,205 (73.59) | 3663 (26.41) |
bWHR | ||||||
 Normal | 52,194 | 9160 (17.55) | 43,034 (82.45) | 22,337 | 3946 (17.67) | 18,391 (82.33) |
 Abnormal | 44,872 | 29,228 (65.14) | 15,644 (34.86) | 19,261 | 12,505 (64.92) | 6756 (35.08) |
SBP, mmHg | ||||||
 < 130 | 68,070 | 21,415 (31.46) | 46,655 (68.54) | 29,253 | 9173 (31.36) | 20,080 (68.64) |
 ≥ 130 | 28,996 | 16,973 (58.54) | 12,023 (41.46) | 12,345 | 7278 (58.96) | 5067 (41.04) |
DBP, mmHg | ||||||
 < 85 | 79,126 | 26,704 (33.75) | 52,422 (66.25) | 33,869 | 11,380 (33.60) | 22,489 (66.40) |
 ≥ 85 | 17,940 | 11,684 (65.13) | 6256 (34.87) | 7729 | 5071 (65.61) | 2658 (34.39) |
ALT, U/L | ||||||
 ≤ 40 | 82,254 | 27,422 (33.34) | 54,832 (66.66) | 35,194 | 11,742 (33.36) | 23,452 (66.64) |
 > 40 | 14,812 | 10,966 (74.03) | 3846 (25.97) | 6404 | 4709 (73.53) | 1695 (26.47) |
UA, μmol/L | ||||||
 ≤ 420 | 80,451 | 26,871 (33.40) | 53,580 (66.60) | 34,523 | 11,538 (33.42) | 22,985 (66.58) |
 > 420 | 16,615 | 11,517 (69.32) | 5098 (30.68) | 7075 | 4913 (69.44) | 2162 (30.56) |
FPG, mmol/L | ||||||
 < 5.6 | 68,576 | 21,118 (30.80) | 47,458 (69.20) | 29,453 | 9078 (30.82) | 20,375 (69.18) |
 ≥ 5.6 | 28,490 | 17,270 (60.62) | 11,220 (39.38) | 12,145 | 7373 (60.71) | 4772 (39.29) |
TC, mmol/L | ||||||
 < 5.2 | 59,166 | 19,282 (32.59) | 39,884 (67.41) | 25,518 | 8350 (32.72) | 17,168 (67.28) |
 ≥ 5.2 | 37,900 | 19,106 (50.41) | 18,794 (49.59) | 16,080 | 8101 (50.38) | 7979 (49.62) |
TG, mmol/L | ||||||
 < 1.7 | 62,171 | 14,364 (23.10) | 47,807 (76.90) | 26,694 | 6184 (23.17) | 20,510 (76.83) |
 ≥ 1.7 | 34,895 | 24,024 (68.85) | 10,871 (31.15) | 14,904 | 10,267 (68.89) | 4637 (31.11) |
HDL-C | ||||||
 Normal | 77,992 | 27,881 (35.75) | 50,111 (64.25) | 33,492 | 12,031 (35.92) | 21,461 (64.08) |
 Abnormal | 19,074 | 10,507 (55.09) | 8567 (44.91) | 8106 | 4420 (54.53) | 3686 (45.47) |
LDL-C, mmol/L | ||||||
 < 3.4 | 74,448 | 27,821 (37.37) | 46,627 (62.63) | 31,896 | 11,891 (37.28) | 20,005 (62.72) |
 ≥ 3.4 | 22,618 | 10,567 (46.72) | 12,051 (53.28) | 9702 | 4560 (47.00) | 5142 (53.00) |
Education | ||||||
 Junior high school and below | 13,585 | 5662 (41.68) | 7923 (58.32) | 5860 | 2463 (42.03) | 3397 (57.97) |
 Senior high school | 18,101 | 7772 (42.94) | 10,329 (57.06) | 7682 | 3279 (42.68) | 4403 (57.32) |
 College and above | 65,380 | 24,954 (38.17) | 40,426 (61.83) | 28,056 | 10,709 (38.17) | 17,347 (61.83) |
Marriage | ||||||
 Married | 83,653 | 35,190 (42.07) | 48,463 (57.93) | 35,817 | 15,063 (42.06) | 20,754 (57.94) |
 Other | 13,413 | 3198 (23.84) | 10,215 (76.16) | 5781 | 1388 (24.01) | 4393 (75.99) |
Family history | ||||||
 No | 69,508 | 26,696 (38.41) | 42,812 (61.59) | 29,725 | 11,458 (38.55) | 18,267 (61.45) |
 Yes | 27,558 | 11,692 (42.43) | 15,866 (57.57) | 11,873 | 4993 (42.05) | 6880 (57.95) |
Dietary preference | ||||||
 Other diets | 55,885 | 24,084 (43.10) | 31,801 (56.90) | 24,203 | 10,481 (43.30) | 13,722 (56.70) |
 Light diet | 41,181 | 14,304 (34.73) | 26,877 (65.27) | 17,395 | 5970 (34.32) | 11,425 (65.68) |
Smoking status | ||||||
 Nonsmoking | 65,771 | 21,952 (33.38) | 43,819 (66.62) | 27,929 | 9360 (33.51) | 18,569 (66.49) |
 cQuit smoking | 1854 | 979 (52.80) | 875 (47.20) | 798 | 435 (54.51) | 363 (45.49) |
 Passive smoking | 4115 | 1765 (42.89) | 2350 (57.11) | 1851 | 802 (43.33) | 1049 (56.67) |
 Smoking | 25,326 | 13,692 (54.06) | 11,634 (45.94) | 11,020 | 5854 (53.12) | 5166 (46.88) |
Drinking status | ||||||
 No drinking | 65,610 | 21,688 (33.06) | 43,922 (66.94) | 27,990 | 9195 (32.85) | 18,795 (67.15) |
 Drinking | 30,191 | 16,081 (53.26) | 14,110 (46.74) | 13,026 | 6990 (53.66) | 6036 (46.34) |
 dQuit drinking | 1265 | 619 (48.93) | 646 (51.07) | 582 | 266 (45.70) | 316 (54.30) |
Physical activity | ||||||
 No | 36,783 | 13,914 (37.83) | 22,869 (62.17) | 16,026 | 6072 (37.89) | 9954 (62.11) |
 Yes | 60,283 | 24,474 (40.60) | 35,809 (59.40) | 25,572 | 10,379 (40.59) | 15,193 (59.41) |
Sleep duration | ||||||
 5–7 h | 60,714 | 24,756 (40.77) | 35,958 (59.23) | 26,090 | 10,667 (40.89) | 15,423 (59.11) |
 < 5 h | 8789 | 3851 (43.82) | 4938 (56.18) | 3754 | 1634 (43.53) | 2120 (56.47) |
 > 7 h | 27,563 | 9781 (35.49) | 17,782 (64.51) | 11,754 | 4150 (35.31) | 7604 (64.69) |