Table 2 Univariate regression and random forest results for the development dataset

BMI, kg/m²

7212.068

 18.50–22.99

Ref

 < 18.50

0.05 (0.03–0.09)

 < 0.001

 23.00–24.99

10.35 (9.82–10.91)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 25.00

51.75 (49.17–54.48)

 < 0.001

WC

3864.336

 Normal

Ref

 Abnormal

9.71(9.41–10.01)

 < 0.001

WHR

3449.132

 Normal

Ref

 Abnormal

8.74(8.48–9.00)

 < 0.001

TG, mmol/L

3084.218

 < 1.7

Ref

 ≥ 1.7

7.39(7.17–7.61)

 < 0.001

Sex

1417.176

 Female

Ref

 Male

4.08(3.97–4.20)

 < 0.001

ALT, U/L

1227.385

 ≤ 40

Ref

 > 40

5.55(5.34–5.77)

 < 0.001

FPG, mmol/L

1012.864

 < 5.6

Ref

 ≥ 5.6

3.50(3.40–3.60)

 < 0.001

Age

989.135

 18–29

Ref

 30–44

2.41(2.29–2.52)

 < 0.001

 45–59

4.16(3.97–4.36)

 < 0.001

 60–79

3.92(3.71–4.14)

 < 0.001

UA, μmol/L

920.927

 ≤ 420

Ref

 > 420

4.52(4.36–4.69)

 < 0.001

SBP, mmHg

658.973

 < 130

Ref

 ≥ 130

3.10(3.01–3.18)

 < 0.001

Smoking status

655.454

 Non–smoking

Ref

 Quit smoking

2.25(2.05–2.47)

 < 0.001

 Passive smoking

1.55(1.45–1.65)

 < 0.001

 Smoking

2.34(2.27–2.41)

 < 0.001

DBP, mmHg

617.081

 < 85

Ref

 ≥ 85

3.69 (3.56–3.81)

 < 0.001

Education

609.423

 Junior high school and below

Ref

 Senior high school

1.05(1.00–1.10)

0.036

 College and above

0.86(0.83–0.89)

 < 0.001

Sleep duration

606.523

 5–7 h

Ref

 < 5 h

1.17(1.11–1.22)

 < 0.001

 > 7 h

0.80(0.78–0.83)

 < 0.001

Drinking status

523.462

 No drinking

Ref

 Drinking

2.33(2.27–2.40)

 < 0.001

 Quit drinking

1.83(1.64–2.04)

 < 0.001

HDL–C

505.78

 Normal

Ref

 Abnormal

2.19(2.12–2.27)

 < 0.001

TC, mmol/L

397.515

 < 5.2

Ref

 ≥ 5.2

2.10(2.04–2.15)

 < 0.001

Dietary preference

360.209

 Other diets

Ref

 Light diet

0.69(0.68–0.71)

 < 0.001

Physical activity

359.282

 No

Ref

 Yes

1.14(1.11–1.17)

 < 0.001

Family history

349.978

 No

Ref

 Yes

1.17(1.14–1.20)

 < 0.001

LDL–C, mmol/L

296.359

 < 3.4

Ref

 ≥ 3.4

1.47(1.42–1.51)

 < 0.001

Marriage

253.486

 Married

Ref

 Other

0.43(0.41–0.45)

 < 0.001