Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study participants

PHR

24.61–1923.08

 < 139.69

139.69–182.18

182.18–234.10

 > 234.10

n

7289

1822

1822

1822

1823

Age (years)

48.75 ± 18.34

53.86 ± 18.68

49.39 ± 18.71

47.72 ± 17.74

44.22 ± 16.89

 < 0.001

Male, n (%)

3584(49.2)

812(44.6)

883(48.5)

955(52.4)

934(51.2)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

29.74 ± 7.41

26.84 ± 6.17

28.57 ± 6.60

30.79 ± 7.33

32.76 ± 8.02

 < 0.001

Ethnicity, n (%)

 < 0.001

    Non-Hispanic White

2551(35.0)

676(37.1)

665(36.5)

616(33.8)

594(32.6)

    Non-Hispanic Black

1859(25.5)

516(28.3)

486(26.7)

432(23.7)

425(23.3)

    Mexican American

893(12.3)

159(8.7)

215(11.8)

253(13.9)

266(14.6)

Other Race

1986(27.2)

471(0.259)

456(25.0)

521(0.286)

538(29.5)

Education, n (%)

 < 0.001

    Less than high school

544(7.5)

115(6.3)

118(6.5)

162(8.9)

149(8.2)

    High school

783(10.7)

162(8.9)

173(9.5)

211(11.6)

237(13.0)

    More than high school

5962(81.8)

1545(84.8)

1530(84.0)

1449(79.5)

1437(0.788)

Household income, n (%)

 < 0.001

    PIR < 1

1392(19.1)

304(16.7)

306(16.8)

368(20.2)

414(22.7)

    PIR 1 to < 3

3068(42.1)

743(40.8)

774(42.5)

776(42.6)

775(42.5)

    PIR ≥ 3

2829(38.8)

775(42.5)

742(40.7)

678(37.2)

634(34.8)

Smoking status, n (%)

()

()

()

()

()

Diabetes, n (%)

1011(13.9)

193(10.6)

228(12.5)

275(15.1)

315(17.3)

 < 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

2573(35.3)

647(35.5)

630(34.6)

645(35.4)

651(35.7)

0.903

TG (mmol/L)

1.24(0.87–1.83)

0.96(0.72–1.28)

1.14(0.84–1.61)

1.41(1.00–2.01)

1.64(1.15–2.48)

 < 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

4.79 ± 1.04

4.93 ± 1.02

4.76 ± 1.02

4.76 ± 1.04

4.70 ± 1.07

 < 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.38 ± 0.41

1.79 ± 0.43

1.44 ± 0.27

1.25 ± 0.23

1.05 ± 0.22

 < 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.71(2.17–3.34)

2.56(2.10–3.23)

2.69(2.18–3.36)

2.85(2.28–3.44)

2.77(2.22–3.31)

 < 0.001

ALT (U/L)

17(13–25)

16(12–22)

16(12–23)

18(13–27)

19(13–28)

 < 0.001

AST (U/L)

19(16–23)

20(17–24)

19(16–23)

19(16–23)

18(15–23)

 < 0.001

GGT (U/L)

20(14–31)

19(13–30)

19(13–28)

22(15–31)

23(16–34)

 < 0.001

Alb (g/L)

40.76 ± 3.37

41.11 ± 3.28

40.92 ± 3.27

40.84 ± 3.31

40.18 ± 3.53

 < 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.81 ± 1.09

5.66 ± 0.89

5.74 ± 1.01

5.88 ± 1.14

5.96 ± 1.25

 < 0.001

CAP (dB/m)

263.16 ± 62.80

241.84 ± 57.83

253.70 ± 60.26

272.19 ± 61.30

284.89 ± 62.87

 < 0.001

LSM (kPa)

5.00(4.10–6.10)

4.80(4.00–5.90)

4.90(4.00–6.00)

5.00(4.10–6.20)

5.30(4.30–6.50)

 < 0.001

NAFLD, n (%)

3108(42.6)

496(27.2)

662(36.3)

887(48.7)

1063(58.3)

 < 0.001

Severe hepatic steatosis, n (%)

2000(27.4)

276(15.2)

261(14.3)

309(17.0)

318(17.4)

 < 0.001

Hepatic fibrosis, n (%)

694(9.5)

132(7.2)

145(8.0)

205(11.3)

212(11.6)

 < 0.001

    F2, n (%)

259(3.6)

52(2.9)

57(3.1)

73(4.0)

77(4.2)

    F3, n (%)

238(3.3)

40(2.2)

42(2.3)

81(4.4)

75(4.1)

    F4, n (%)

197(2.7)

40(2.2)

46(2.5)

51(2.8)

60(3.3)

    ZJU index

40.88 ± 8.64

37.00 ± 7.04

39.27 ± 7.56

42.25 ± 8.56

45.01 ± 9.07

 < 0.001

    HSI

39.06 ± 8.81

35.17 ± 7.24

37.49 ± 7.84

40.53 ± 8.72

43.08 ± 9.20

 < 0.001

    FIB-4

0.87(0.55–1.32)

1.34(0.88–1.92)

0.96(0.65–1.35)

0.81(0.53–1.15)

0.58(0.40–0.84)

 < 0.001

    NFS

-1.84(-2.95–0.71)

-1.43(-2.56–0.42)

-1.80(-2.91–0.67)

-1.84(-2.92–0.71)

-2.34(-3.37–1.19)

 < 0.001