Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the total population in NHANES 2005–2018 (N = 17,749) *
Variables | Total N = 17,749 | Non-T2DM N = 14,892 (83.9%) | T2DM N = 2857(16.1%) | P value | Non-hypertension N = 11,958(67.4%) | Hypertension N = 5791(32.6%) | P value | Non-hypertension& T2DM N = 15,791(89.0%) | Hypertension& T2DM N = 1958(11.0%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 41.57(0.23) | 39.24(0.24) | 57.63(0.37) |  < 0.001 | 35.56(0.23) | 55.10(0.30) |  < 0.001 | 39.79(0.23) | 60.63(0.36) |  < 0.001 |
Healthy diet index (HEI) | 49.22(0.22) | 49.01(0.25) | 50.70(0.40) |  < 0.001 | 48.88(0.26) | 49.97(0.31) | 0.003 | 49.04(0.24) | 51.18(0.45) |  < 0.001 |
Poverty-income ratio (PIR) | 2.89(0.04) | 2.92(0.04) | 2.70(0.05) |  < 0.001 | 2.89(0.04) | 2.88(0.04) | 0.703 | 2.91(0.04) | 2.68(0.07) | 0.001 |
Dietary inflammation index (DII) | 1.55(0.03) | 1.52(0.04) | 1.69(0.05) | 0.004 | 1.54(0.04) | 1.55(0.04) | 0.881 | 1.53(0.03) | 1.71(0.06) | 0.004 |
Waist | 96.47(0.25) | 94.54(0.23) | 110.05(0.55) |  < 0.001 | 92.45(0.26) | 105.69(0.34) |  < 0.001 | 95.06(0.23) | 112.06(0.61) |  < 0.001 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | 0.632 | Â | Â | 0.222 | Â | Â | 0.579 |
 Female | 8983(50.6) | 7589(50.7) | 1394(50.1) |  | 6065(51.0) | 2918(49.8) |  | 8002(50.5) | 981(51.4) |  |
 Male | 8766(49.4) | 7303(49.3) | 1463(49.9) |  | 5893(49.0) | 2873(50.2) |  | 7789(49.5) | 977(48.6) |  |
Race |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Mexican American | 3281(18.5) | 2733(9.6) | 548(10.5) |  | 2515(11.2) | 766(6.5) |  | 2965(9.8) | 316(8.3) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 3904(22.0) | 3207(11.8) | 697(15.2) |  | 2339(10.9) | 1565(15.2) |  | 3353(11.8) | 551(17.2) |  |
 Non-Hispanic White | 6633(37.4) | 5683(64.5) | 950(59.2) |  | 4318(62.9) | 2315(65.9) |  | 5966(64.2) | 667(60.4) |  |
 Other | 3931(22.1) | 3269(14.1) | 662(15.1) |  | 2786(15.0) | 1145(12.4) |  | 3507(14.2) | 424(14.1) |  |
Education |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 High school | 3547(20.0) | 2865(20.6) | 682(27.0) |  | 2104(19.2) | 1443(26.4) |  | 3067(20.8) | 480(27.8) |  |
 Less than high school | 6633(37.4) | 5618(26.4) | 1015(24.7) |  | 4945(28.9) | 1688(20.0) |  | 5950(26.4) | 683(23.9) |  |
 Some college or above | 7553(42.6) | 6398(53.0) | 1155(48.3) |  | 4901(51.9) | 2652(53.6) |  | 6762(52.8) | 791(48.3) |  |
Marital status |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Married | 7270(49.6) | 5693(52.7) | 1577(58.5) |  | 4270(51.6) | 3000(57.2) |  | 6195(53.1) | 1075(57.7) |  |
 Never married | 3217(21.9) | 2947(22.5) | 270(9.8) |  | 2528(25.5) | 689(11.6) |  | 3048(21.9) | 169(9.0) |  |
 Unmarried but have/had partner | 4178(28.5) | 3209(24.8) | 969(31.7) |  | 2157(22.9) | 2021(31.2) |  | 3470(25.0) | 708(33.3) |  |
Smoking |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Former | 3264(22.7) | 2387(22.2) | 877(32.3) |  | 1611(20.2) | 1653(30.0) |  | 2613(22.3) | 651(35.3) |  |
 Never | 8249(57.4) | 6779(57.2) | 1470(50.9) |  | 5296(59.6) | 2953(50.2) |  | 7251(57.1) | 998(49.3) |  |
 Now | 2861(19.9) | 2391(20.6) | 470(16.8) |  | 1770(20.2) | 1091(19.8) |  | 2558(20.6) | 303(15.4) |  |
Current alcohol drinking |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 No | 3937(30.2) | 2871(21.8) | 1066(36.9) |  | 2044(21.0) | 1893(29.4) |  | 3167(22.3) | 770(39.0) |  |
 Yes | 9107(69.8) | 7659(78.2) | 1448(63.1) |  | 5864(79.0) | 3243(70.6) |  | 8133(77.7) | 974(61.0) |  |
BMI levels |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Normal | 6439(36.7) | 6010(38.9) | 429(12.9) |  | 5354(43.5) | 1085(18.1) |  | 6186(38.0) | 253(10.9) |  |
 Obese | 5849(33.4) | 4306(30.1) | 1543(60.0) |  | 3023(26.1) | 2826(51.2) |  | 4721(31.0) | 1128(64.1) |  |
 Overweight | 5248(29.9) | 4426(31.0) | 822(27.1) |  | 3470(30.4) | 1778(30.7) |  | 4719(31.0) | 529(25.0) |  |