Table 1 characteristics of the study population

N

945

946

947

947

Sociodemographic variables

Age (years)

46.44 ± 0.56

49.20 ± 0.57

51.58 ± 0.57

51.81 ± 0.58

< 0.001

Gender

0.828

Male

466 (49.31%)

457 (48.31%)

461 (48.68%)

447 (47.20%)

Female

479 (50.69%)

489 (51.69%)

486 (51.32%)

500 (52.80%)

Race/Ethnicity (%)

< 0.001

Mexican American

155 (16.40%)

196 (20.72%)

239 (25.24%)

255 (26.93%)

Other Hispanic

112 (11.85%)

100 (10.57%)

82 (8.66%)

45 (4.75%)

Non-Hispanic White

396 (41.90%)

441 (46.62%)

461 (48.68%)

516 (54.49%)

Non-Hispanic Black

197 (20.85%)

177 (18.71%)

150 (15.84%)

111 (11.72%)

Other race/ethnicity

85 (8.99%)

32 (3.38%)

15 (1.58%)

20 (2.11%)

Education level (%)

< 0.001

Less than high school

244 (25.82%)

282 (29.81%)

347 (36.64%)

330 (34.85%)

High school or GED

172 (18.20%)

216 (22.83%)

213 (22.49%)

244 (25.77%)

Above high school

529 (55.98%)

448 (47.36%)

387 (40.87%)

373 (39.39%)

Poverty to income ratio

2.57 ± 0.05

2.46 ± 0.05

2.46 ± 0.05

2.50 ± 0.05

0.443

Variables of laboratory data

ALT (IU/L)

24.98 ± 0.57

27.45 ± 1.06

26.43 ± 0.77

27.39 ± 0.77

0.335

AST (IU/L)

25.87 ± 0.45

27.42 ± 0.97

25.98 ± 0.69

25.05 ± 0.55

< 0.001

SCr (µmol/L)

74.27 ± 0.61

73.78 ± 0.69

69.40 ± 0.70

65.96 ± 0.75

< 0.001

Total Cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.71 ± 0.03

5.10 ± 0.03

5.24 ± 0.03

5.52 ± 0.04

< 0.001

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

0.99 ± 0.01

1.33 ± 0.02

1.57 ± 0.03

2.25 ± 0.06

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.77 ± 0.03

3.09 ± 0.03

3.22 ± 0.86

3.34 ± 0.03

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.49 ± 0.01

1.39 ± 0.01

1.32 ± 0.03

1.19 ± 0.01

< 0.001

Serum uric acid (µmol/L)

315.67 ± 2.59

325.33 ± 2.76

326.96 ± 2.80

325.68 ± 2.84

0.018

Serum albumin (g/L)

42.77 ± 0.10

42.66 ± 0.10

43.44 ± 0.11

43.93 ± 0.10

< 0.001

Albumin, urine (mg/L)

11.94 ± 0.56

12.71 ± 0.64

13.28 ± 0.56

15.65 ± 0.71

< 0.001

Creatinine, urine (mg/dl)

125.69 ± 2.49

129.57 ± 2.54

133.88 ± 2.54

137.34 ± 2.72

0.009

Glycohemoglobin (%)

5.58 ± 0.02

5.62 ± 0.02

5.62 ± 0.02

5.70 ± 0.039

0.123

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

111.74 ± 1.07

109.44 ± 1.07

110.23 ± 1.06

110.28 ± 1.11

0.565

ACR (mg/g)

10.01 ± 0.38

10.22 ± 0.39

10.63 ± 0.39

12.06 ± 0.45

0.001

Palmitelaidic acid (µmol/L)

2.81 ± 0.03

4.19 ± 0.03

5.62 ± 0.04

9.19 ± 0.11

< 0.001

Vaccenic acid (µmol/L)

12.03 ± 0.10

19.70 ± 0.10

29.56 ± 0.16

55.59 ± 0.82

< 0.001

Elaidic acid (µmol/L)

9.04 ± 0.08

15.35 ± 0.10

24.40 ± 0.15

48.78 ± 0.69

< 0.001

Linolelaidic acid (µmol/L)

1.25 ± 0.01

1.69 ± 0.02

2.33 ± 0.02

3.73 ± 0.05

< 0.001

Medical examination and personal life history

BMI (Kg/m²)

27.64 ± 0.21

29.26 ± 0.21

29.18 ± 0.21

29.08 ± 0.20

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

95.06 ± 0.50

98.93 ± 0.51

99.00 ± 0.51

99.15 ± 0.49

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

120.9 ± 0.58

122.1 ± 0.55

125.3 ± 0.61

126.7 ± 0.62

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

67.9 ± 0.40

69.9 ± 0.39

70.3 ± 0.45

71.6 ± 0.45

< 0.001

Physical activity (MET-based rank) (%)

< 0.001

No physical activity

317 (33.54%)

353 (37.32%)

320 (33.79%)

288 (30.41%)

Low-intensity physical activity

332 (35.13%)

335 (35.41%)

417 (44.03%)

462 (48.79%)

High-intensity physical activity

296 (31.32%)

258 (27.27%)

210 (22.18%)

197 (20.80%)

Had at least 12 alcohol drinks/1 year?

< 0.001

Yes

711 (75.24%)

698 (73.78%)

665 (70.22%)

621 (65.58%)

No

234 (24.76%)

248 (26.22%)

282 (29.78%)

326 (34.42%)

Current cigarette use

0.003

Every day

358 (37.88%)

367 (38.79%)

350 (36.96%)

359 (37.91%)

Some days

97 (10.26%)

82 (8.67%)

53 (5.60%)

62 (6.55%)

Not at all

490 (51.85%)

497 (52.54%)

544 (57.44%)

526 (55.54%)

Taking prescribed medicine for HBP

< 0.001

yes

247 (26.14%)

260 (27.48%)

204 (21.54%)

198 (20.91%)

No

698 (73.86%)

686 (72.52%)

743 (78.46%)

749 (79.09%)

Taking prescribed medicine for high cholesterol level

0.002

Yes

203 (21.48%)

209 (22.09%)

161 (17.00%)

159 (16.79%)

No

742 (78.52%)

737 (77.91%)

786 (83.00%)

788 (83.21%)

Comorbidities (%)

Hypertension history

0.136

Yes

278 (29.42%)

303 (32.03%)

326 (34.42%)

308 (32.52%)

No

667 (70.58%)

643 (67.97%)

621 (65.58%)

639 (67.48%)

NAFLD

0.348

Yes

101 (10.69%)

97 (10.25%)

99 (10.45%)

119 (12.57%)

No

844 (89.31%)

849 (89.75%)

848 (89.55%)

828 (87.43%)

Diabetes history

0.771

Yes

84 (8.89%)

70 (7.40%)

88 (9.29%)

80 (8.45%)

No

848 (89.74%)

860 (90.91%)

842 (88.91%)

854 (90.18%)

Border line

13 (1.38%)

16 (1.69%)

17 (1.80%)

13 (1.37%)

Coronary heart disease

0.537

Yes

29 (3.07%)

28 (2.96%)

38 (4.01%)

35 (3.70%)

No

916 (96.93%)

918 (97.04%)

909 (95.99%)

912 (96.30%)