Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the subjects

Gender, n (%)

0.030

Male

1271 (49.9)

1194 (47)

Female

1275 (50.1)

1349 (53)

Age

50.39 ± 17.20

52.11 ± 16.93

< 0.001

Race, n (%)

< 0.001

Mexican American

305 (12)

261 (10.3)

Other Hispanic

265 (10.4)

231 (9.1)

Non-Hispanic white

887 (34.8)

724 (28.5)

Non-Hispanic black

707 (27.8)

838 (33)

Other Race

(Including multi-racial)

382 (15)

489 (19.2)

BMI

30.51 ± 7.73

29.83 ± 7.62

0.005

WHtR

0.61 ± 0.11

0.60 ± 0.10

0.015

Energy (kcal)

2097.96 ± 864.36

1961.85 ± 821.14

< 0.001

Carbohydrate (g)

458.22 ± 218.86

413.03 ± 198.41

< 0.001

Sugars (g)

194.81 ± 123.70

165.21 ± 106.86

< 0.001

Dietary fiber (g)

30.47 ± 17.21

32.66 ± 20.22

< 0.001

Protein (g)

152.16 ± 71.12

136.38 ± 67.41

< 0.001

Total fat (g)

161.90 ± 81.58

150.76 ± 81.93

< 0.001

Total saturated fatty acids (g)

51.30 ± 26.81

38.59 ± 22.25

< 0.001

Total unsaturated fatty acids (g)

94.30 ± 47.62

98.76 ± 53.90

< 0.001

Insulin (µU/mL)

15.82 ± 27.84

13.55 ± 20.61

0.047

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

6.34 ± 2.13

6.26 ± 1.95

0.545

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.28 ± 0.96

1.15 ± 1.05

0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.80 ± 1.05

4.78 ± 1.06

0.348

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.36 ± 0.40

1.42 ± 0.43

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.87 ± 0.89

2.76 ± 0.93

0.012

Current smoking, n (%)

< 0.001

No

589 (55)

629 (63)

Yes

482 (45)

369 (37)

Alcohol drinking, n (%)

0.439

No

230 (9.3)

224 (9.1)

Yes

2254 (90.7)

2247 (90.9)

Diabetes, n (%)

0.064

No

2147 (84.4)

2118 (83.3)

Yes

398 (15.6)

425 (16.7)

Hypercholesteremia, n (%)

0.592

No

1614 (63.8)

1587 (62.9)

Yes

915 (36.2)

938 (37.1)

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

0.375

No

2435 (95.94)

2423 (95.43)

Yes

103 (4.06)

116 (4.57)

Stroke, n (%)

0.812

No

2412 (94.81)

2412 (95.04)

Yes

132 (5.19)

126 (4.96)

HOMA-IR, median (IQR)

2.75 (1.63, 5.03)

2.42(1.46, 4.47)

0.002

TyG index

8.72 ± 0.64

8.61 ± 0.62

< 0.001