Fig. 1

RS induces mitochondrial damage in the liver of rats. A Effects of RS on rat weight (n = 10–11). B-C Evaluation of anxiety-like behaviour in rats using EPM tests (n = 10–11). D Effects of RS on serum corticosterone levels in rats (n = 4–5). E–G Serum ALT, AST, and LDH levels were determined using commercial kits to assess changes in liver function due to RS (n = 10–11). H-I The cytoplasmic (Cyto) and mitochondrial (Mito) fractions were isolated utilising a Mitochondria Isolation Kit. Cytosolic and mitochondrial cyt c content was ascertained through western blot analysis. Mitochondrial cyt c was normalised to TOMM20 as an internal control (n = 5). J-K Immunohistochemical detection of 4-HNE in the liver and quantification with ImageJ software to evaluate the level of lipid peroxidation (n = 5). Data were analysed using Sidak's multiple comparisons test (body weight), Mann–Whitney test, or unpaired t-test. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01, compared to the control group