Table 2 Signaling events of alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
From: What are the common downstream molecular events between alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver?
Alcoholic Liver Disease | Non Alcoholic Liver Disease |
|---|---|
SCFAs are decreased | Fecal SCFAs are increased |
Secondary BAs are high acting on farnesoid X receptor | BAs binds to the farnesoid X receptor increasing inflammation and fibrosis |
Lactobacillaceae correlates with postprandial peripheral ethanol | It is evident a reduction in the abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus and Bifidobacterium longum subsp infantis |
Klebsiella pneumoniae strain W14 bears the higher ethanol production | Some forms of NAFLD are due to endogenous production of ethanol |
Chronic intake of alcohol beyond provoking ROS formation raises the multiplication of intestinal bacteria and changes the gut permeability | High-alcohol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with up to 60% of individuals with NAFLD in a Chinese cohort. |
Pathogenic species of bacteria results in a fast replenishment of the marginal zone of the spleen | The spleen has been recognized to take a great part in lipid metabolism via the mononuclear phagocytic system |
Functional hyposplenism is present | There is a trend in increased spleen volume |
K18 is the main component of Mallory-Denk bodies, which are a hallmark of alcoholic steatohepatitis | K18 fragments have been proven to be associated with NASH |
Serum TPS, mirroring K18, is frequently increased in alcoholics and may be a marker of alcoholic hepatitis | TPS is a better marker for differentiating NASH from simple fatty liver |
Ethanol-induced oxidative stress directly downregulates NAD + levels, increases SIRT1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, and ultimately inhibits SIRT1 gene and protein expression levels in the liver | SIRT1 activator E1231, alleviated NAFLD induced in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet and improved liver injury by regulating the SIRT1-AMPK alpha pathway |
SIRT 4 is strongly associated with heavy drinker | Low circulating levels of SIRT4 are found in obese patients with NAFLD |
There is a close relationship between SIRT7 and age-related processes | SIRT7 is linked to age-related processes |
Impaired expression of hepatic adiponectin receptors are associated with AFLD | Adiponectin predicts steatosis grade and the severity of NAFLD |